Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Vision loss and loss of accomodation
Associated with old age (+40)
Due to hardening of the lens |
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Term
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Definition
Near-sightedness
Light rays focus in front of the retina |
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Term
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Definition
Far-sightedness
Light rays focus past the retina |
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Term
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Definition
Light is not uniformly focused in all directions
Caused by unequal curvature of the cornea |
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Term
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Definition
Cataracts
Opacity of the lens
Gradual onset with age
Vision is like looking through a "dirty window"
Most common cause of blindness |
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Term
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Definition
Retinal Tear
Choroid layer is visible behind the tear
Due to Trauma |
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Term
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Definition
Vitreous Hemmorhage / Opacity
Bleeding into the vitreous humor by retinal blood vessels
Due to Trama or Disease |
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Term
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Definition
Detached Retina
Decreased or Cloudy vision - looks like a curtain is falling over field of vision
Preceded by flashing lights and floaters
A separation of the retina from its blood supply due to trauma; myopia and age also adds to risk |
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Term
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Definition
Retinoblastoma
•Most common malignant tumor of retina
•Hereditary component
•Presents w/ white pupil
•Children |
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Term
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Definition
Rings and Crescents
abnormality of the optic disk |
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Term
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Definition
Optic Atrophy
Death of the optic nerve fibers thus loss of tiniest blood vessels
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Term
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Definition
Medullary / Myelinated Nerve Fibers
Benign, Present at birth in 0.5% of population |
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Term
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Definition
Paipilledema
- from increase in intracranial pressure, the optic disk is swollen, physiologic cup bulges.
-Brain disorder (encephalitis, ex. Many possible causes) |
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Term
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Definition
Glaucoma Cupping
Increased pressure in the eye (not intercranial) causes larger cupping and more pale. Vessels will sink inwards and displaced. |
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Term
| Glaucoma: Primary Open-Angled Glaucoma |
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Definition
•85% cases
•Cause unknown
•↑ intraocular pressure
•↓ Visual Fields
•↓ vision (late sign)
•Treatment: eye drops or surgery |
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Term
| Glaucoma: Closed Narrow Angled |
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Definition
•85% cases
•15% cases
•Blockage of aqueous humor drainage
•Sudden onset severe eye pain
•Headache, halos, vomiting
•Fixed dilated pupil
•Conjunctival injection
•“Steamy” cornea
Surgical emergency |
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Term
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Definition
Soft Exudates
•AKA: Cotton wool patches
•White or grayish
•Oval lesions
•Irregular “soft” or fuzzy borders
•Variable patterns
•Result from infarcted nerve fibers of retina
•Associated w/ HTN or Diabetes |
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Term
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Definition
Hard Exudates
•Creamy/yellowish
•Bright lesions
•Well-defined “hard” borders
•Small/round, may blend into larger irregular spots
•Occur in clusters or circles, linear or star-shaped patterns
•Diabetes, HTN |
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Term
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Definition
Drusen bodies
•Undigested cellular debris
•Hard or soft
•Yellowish
•Sharply defined
•Round shape
•Bilateral
•Associated w/ Macular Degeneration
•Most common cause of blindness > 60 yrs |
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Term
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Definition
Copper wiring
•Arteries, esp close to the disc, become thickened and somewhat tortuous
•Causes increased light reflex
•Bright coppery luster appears
•Associated with HTN |
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Term
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Definition
Silver wiring
•Narrowed artery develops such an opaque wall that no blood is visible in it
•Causes a silvery appearance
•Associated with HTN |
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Term
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Definition
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
•Variable vision loss
•“Blood & Thunder” retina
•Diffuse retinal hemorrhage
•Cotton-wool spots
•Dilated tortuous retinal veins
•Optic disc edema
•PMH: DM, HTN, Glaucoma
•Referral 1-2 days |
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Term
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Definition
Neovascularization
•Formation of new blood vessels
•Differ from other blood vessels:
–More numerous
–More tortuous
–Narrower
–Form disorderly looking red arcades
•May grow into vitreous causing retinal detachment or hemorrhage and blindness
•DM related |
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Term
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Definition
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
•Cherry red spot in macula
•Edematous retina
•Narrowed arteries
•Milky around optic disc
•Pale fundus
•Rare condition
Sudden ocular emergency
Unilateral vision loss
Common in eldery, men, in the morning
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Term
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Definition
Microaneurysm
•Tiny, round, red spots
•Commonly in/around macular area
•Minute dilatations of very small retinal vessels
•Diabetic retinopathy |
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Term
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Definition
Deep Retinal Hemmorhages
•Small, rounded, slightly irregular spots
•“dot” or “blot” hemorrhages
•Occur in deep layer of retina
Common in diabetes |
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Term
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Definition
Superficial Retinal Hemmorrhage
•Also called Flame Stitch Hemorrhage
•Small, linear, flame-shaped, red streaks in the fundus
•Severe HTN, papilledema, retinal vein occlusion |
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Term
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Definition
Pre-Retinal Hemmorhages
•Blood escapes into potential space b/w retina and vitreous
•Larger than retinal hemorrhages
•Obscures underlying retinal vessels
•Causes sudden increase in intracranial pressure |
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Term
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Definition
Roth Spots
•Retinal hemorrhages with white/pale centers (coagulated fibrin)
•Caused by immune complex mediated vasculitis
•Observed in Bacterial Endocarditis |
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Term
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Definition
•Asymptomatic
•AV Nicking
•Retinal edema
•Tortuous retinal blood vessels
•Progressive changes cause retinal ischemia
–Cotton wool patches
–Hemorrhages
–Retinal edema
-Papilledema
•Arteriole walls thicken & lose transparency
•Arteriole dilatations can also occur
•Prone to leak blood
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Term
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Definition
•Stage 1
–Microaneurysms (tiny dots)
–Tortuous vessels (twisted)
–Dilatation
–Non-perfusion to affected areas (begin to see ischemia)
–Hard exudates
–Macular edema
•Stage 2 (add to Stage 1)
Cotton wool patches (soft exudates)
•Stage 3
–Neovascularization
–Vitreous hemorrhage
–Retinal detachment
–Vision loss
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Term
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Definition
Acute Iritis
•Inflammation of anterior ocular structures (Iris)
•Sudden onset of pain
•Photophobia
•Ciliary injection
•Blurriness
•Tenderness to touch
•Immediate referral |
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Term
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Definition
Esotropia
–Imbalance caused by ocular muscle tone
–Medial gaze deviation
–Cross-eyed |
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Term
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Definition
Exotropia
–Imbalance caused by ocular muscle tone
–Lateral gaze deviation
–Wall-eyed |
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Term
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Definition
Oculomotor Nerve Palsy
•Complete ptosis
•Dilated, unreactive pupil
•Impaired EOMs |
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Term
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Definition
Horner's Syndrome
•Paralysis of sympathetic nerves
•Unilateral ptosis
•Ipsilateral pupil constriction
•No Sweating
•(Miosis, ptosis, Anhydrosis) |
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Term
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Definition
Adie's Pupil
•Tonic pupil
•Opposite of Horner’s syndrome
•No reaction to light
•Constricts to near
•Benign
•Common in females
•One dilated pupil |
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Term
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Definition
Argyll Robertson Pupil
•Small, irregular pupils
•Do not react to light
•React to accommodation |
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Term
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Definition
Ectropion
•Eversion of the eyelid
•Turning out of lid
•Inadequate draining
•Dry eyes |
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Term
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Definition
Entropion
•Inversion of eyelid
•Turning in of lid
•Lashes abrade cornea |
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Term
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Definition
Periorbital Edema
•Eyes appear swollen
•Skin infection (cellulitis)
•Allergy
•Renal problems |
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Term
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Definition
Basal cell carcinoma
•Local skin cancer
•Firm mass
•May ulcerate
•Lower eyelid
•Nonhealing |
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Term
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Definition
Hordeolum (Sty)
•Lump within eyelid follicle
•Eyelid margin
•Painful
•Obstruction of glands of Zeiss/ Moll |
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Term
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Definition
Chalazion
•Lump on eyelid (outside)
•Painless
•Obstruction of Meibomian glands |
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Term
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Definition
Xanthelesma
•Soft, yellow plaques
•On eyelid
•Increased cholesterol for a long period of time
•Congenital disease |
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Term
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Definition
Lesion in the optic disk
Possibly due to CVA, tumors, glaucoma, intracranial bleed |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
•Defect in both temporal fields
•Optic chiasm lesion
•Pituitary tumor
•Central retinal artery disease
•Retinal detachment |
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Term
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Definition
•Defect in similar fields
•Optic tract lesions
•Optic radiation lesion that is complete (all the way through)
•Occipital cortex lesion
•Left Homohemianopsia
•Right Homohemianopsia |
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Term
| Left Superior Quadrant Defect |
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Definition
Left Superior Quadrant Defect
•Field loss in one quadrant
•Right optic radiation lesion
•Occipital cortex lesion |
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Term
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Definition
•Decrease in vision in one eye
•Due to disuse
•Increases in premature infants |
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Term
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Definition
–Fine, rhythmic oscillation of eyes
–Few beats normal
–Neurological conditions
–Dancing eyes
–Horizontal or vertical |
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Term
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Definition
•Deviation of one eye inward or outward
•Varies depending on direction of gaze
•Muscle weakness
•CN |
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Term
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Definition
•Deviation of one eye
•Esotropia or exotropia
•Constant in all directions of gaze
•Occurs w/ fatigue
Muscle weakness |
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Term
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Definition
–Optic nerve is damaged
–Affected eye has no consensual reaction
–Affected eye dilates instead of constricting with direct reaction
–↓ sensory input
–Slugglish response of bad eye
–Good eye constricts & dilates normally with direct and consensual reactions |
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Term
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Definition
Blue Sclera
•Sclera is blue & thin (Bilaterally)
•Normally in infants
•Hereditary disorder of bone fragility
•Associated deafness
•Osteogenesis Imperfecta (fragile bones)
•Ehler Danlos Syndrome
•Light blue |
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