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Phenotypic Plasticity References EXAM
How have marine organisms conrtibuted to our understanding of:
24
Physiology
Undergraduate 4
05/05/2014

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Term
Waddington 1952
Definition
Plasticity contributing to evolution. genetic assimilation as a method. Cross veinless Drosophila melanogaster caused by heat shock could be fixed by artificial selection.
Term
Pfenning et al 2010
Definition
Genetic accomodation is an adaptive genetic change owing to selection acting on regulation and form of an  induced phenotype. polyphenism were most likely to be more species rich.
Term
Masel & Siegal 2009 Devo
Definition
developmental homeostasis processes. Stabilise the phenotype and protect from mutation. allow mutations to exist without being expressed  maintaining genetic variability. cryptic variuation
Term
Polyphenic plasticity
Definition
Sensitization occurs when one or more of the regulatory pathways is altered by E or M that causes the expression of cryptic variation. This can then be selected upon.
Term
Natural selection
Definition
Still plays a key role in shaping organisms but Env. also causes the release of genetic information. Expressed variation becomes heritable where it is advantageous.
Term
Genetic accomodation allows
Definition
accumulation of genetic variation as cryptoc variation is not expressed it cant be selected against or for so mutations may accumulate and are then selected upon when expression is initiated.
Term
Huether 1968
Definition
Linanthus also demonstrated the mechanism of enviroemtnally induced phenotype and canalization by natural selection.
Term
Specchia et al 2010
Definition
HSP90  linked to release of genetic variation in Drosophila and other species. HSP90 acts as a buffer preventing the action of transposable elements that may have cryptic variation. Changes in expression or action could allow these TE to be expressed.
Term
Shaw et al 2007
Definition
Harder in natural populations. Gastrosteus aculeatus been used as recent 12000ya colonisation of FW by SW species gives a derived and ancestral population. Plastic ancestral reflected the two distinct behavioural ecotypes found in FW
Term
Scoville & Pfrender 2010
Definition
Daphnia melanica produce melanin to protect from UV. When salmonids introduced to lakes melanin plasticity reduced as melanin production selected against by predators. Canalization.
Term
Sultan & Stearns 2005
Definition
Development is key Many genetic and biological pathways that can be acted upon by Env. to change outcome. of development.
Term
Bento et al 2010
Definition
different plastic responses maay be initiated by the same pathways. Starvation in the nematode Pristionchus pacificus causes theinduction of dafachronic acid (DAF-12) hormone. This causes the formation of dauer stasis. Depending on the levels of DAF-12 the nematode may alternatively develope teeth like structure that enable it to prey upon other nematodes and detritus.
Term
Voesenek et al 2004
Definition
The same signalling pathway may in some cases be stimulated by different env. stimuli. For example plants in shade and in flooded areas both produce longer stems by the same signalling pathways.
Term
Ledon-Rettig et al 2008
Definition
PLastiity in one trait can lead to novel trait environment interaction such as the rise in carnivory in some spadefoot toads. Plasticity in gut morphology would have provided an advantage to toads when presented with a novel food item. Perhaps toads who are detritiovores were presented with limited detritus but and abundance of shrimp. In this case a shorter gut would have been advantageous as it means less wasted energy in long gut formation. Scaphiopus couchii and Spea bombiforns and multiplicata show this.
Term
Marine organisms
Definition
Not well studied with regards to plasticity compared to terrestrial and FW. MOdel species not as well studied but do exist.
Term
Underexploited
Definition
Wealth of genetic information in the sea, certainly many systems worth investigating, but need to determine what they are.
Term
Climate change
Definition
need to understand how ocean systems will respond to rapid changes in the ocean environment. The study of plsasticity will help in this.
Term
Transplantation
Definition
easily achieved between drastically different environments e.g temperature and light in reef systems.
Term
Shaw et al 2007 Foster et al 2011
Definition
already highlighted the importance of Gastroeterus aculeatus as they have both derived and ancestral populations in existance so we can try and understand the processes involved in genetic accomodation and canalization, particularly in behavioural studies.
Term
Donnelson et al 2011
Definition
Plastic response of the reef fish Acanthocronis polyacanthus to +3 degrees above average temperatures. Showed that they reduce there size and RMR possibly to allow for redirection of resources to temperature coping strategies. No previous results are likely due to the lack of developmental stage investigations.
Term
Kesser et al 2005
Definition
thermal effect on Ascophylum nodossum increases growth up to 27 degrees where it is inhibited
Term
Diaz-Almera et al 2006
Definition
Posidonia oceanica increase flowering intesity with increased temp.
Term
Gunter et al 2013
Definition
Reef fish are difficult to study used cichlids instead cause of range of morphotypes. Astatoreochromis alluadi respond to mechanical stimulation by prooducing molariform teeth, follows same pathway as the development of bones.
Term
Kovach et al 2012
Definition
Onchorhyncus gorbuscha plastic repsonse to environemt was selected against. natal stream temperature caused early migration which led to death at sea.
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