Term
| Q:Which of the following is the best definition for recombinant DNA? |
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Definition
| DNA that carries genes from different organisms |
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Term
| Q:When a human gene is inserted into a yeast cell, the yeast cell produces the human protein encoded by that gene. This is evidence that the genetic code is universal among all life on Earth. Which of these statements is an implication of the universality of the genetic code? |
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Definition
| All life on Earth is genetically related. |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism carrying a gene that was acquired by artificial means |
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Term
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Definition
| an animal containing a gene from a third "parent," which may even be another species |
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Term
| The world's first genetically engineered pharmaceutical product was ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| A vaccine works by ______. |
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Definition
| stimulating the immune system |
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Term
| When plasmids are used to produce a desired protein, the ______. |
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Definition
| desired gene is inserted into the plasmid and the plasmid is taken up by the bacterium. |
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Term
| The process of making multiple copies of a gene by inserting it into a host genome and culturing the host is called ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| A virus that has RNA as its genetic material can use ______ to convert information stored in RNA to information stored in DNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| An advantage of using reverse transcriptase to prepare a gene for cloning is that ______. |
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Definition
| the resulting DNA strand will lack introns |
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Term
| A collection of cloned recombinant plasmids that includes fragments from the entire genome of a cell is called a ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Nucleic acid probes are used to ______. |
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Definition
| identify a specific nucleotide sequence |
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Term
| Restriction enzymes are obtained from ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| "Sticky ends" are produced as a result of the action of ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| "Sticky ends" are ______. |
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Definition
| single-stranded ends of fragments of double-stranded DNA |
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Term
| Which enzyme is used to bind DNA fragments together? |
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Definition
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Term
| Of the following, which is the last step in the production of a recombinant DNA plasmid? |
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Definition
| using DNA ligase to join DNA fragments |
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Term
18)
You are attempting to link an individual to a crime. The only evidence you have is a tiny drop of blood. How can you use this drop of blood to make the association? |
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Definition
| You can use PCR to increase the amount of DNA available for restriction fragment analysis. |
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Term
| At one point, you were just an undifferentiated, single cell. You are now made of many cells; some of these cells function as liver cells, some as muscle cells, some as red blood cells, while others play different roles. What name is given to the process that is responsible for this? |
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Definition
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Term
| The process by which genotype becomes expressed as phenotype is ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| What name is given to a unit of a bacterial chromosome that controls the expression of a specific set of genes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bacterial RNA polymerase binds to the ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| In prokaryotes, the production of a single RNA transcript for a group of related genes is under the control of the ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following includes the other choices? |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ acts as an on/off switch. |
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Definition
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Term
| Regulatory genes code for _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Repressors block binding of RNA polymerase by attaching to ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| What would you assume if you found RNA transcripts of lactose-utilizing genes within E. coli? |
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Definition
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Term
| While examining a human cell that functions normally, you determine that it has 45 functional chromosomes and one chromosome that is almost completely inactive. You immediately decide that it is very likely that this cell ______. |
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Definition
| came from a normal human female |
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Term
| came from a normal human female |
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Definition
| DNA packing and unpacking |
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Term
| Male tortoiseshell cats ______. |
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Definition
| are likely to be exceedingly rare and very likely to be sterile since normal male cats are XY |
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Term
| Which of these plays a role in the regulation of transcription in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? |
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Definition
| attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter |
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Term
| Eukaryotic DNA sequences called enhancers have a function similar to the ______ of prokaryotic operons. |
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Definition
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Term
| In eukaryotic cells, repressor proteins inhibit transcription by binding to ______. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| unexpressed DNA sequences |
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Term
| Which of these is a type of post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression? |
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Definition
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Term
| How can a single RNA transcript be translated into different polypeptides? |
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Definition
| There is more than one way to splice an RNA transcript. |
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Term
| There is more than one way to splice an RNA transcript. |
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Definition
| signal transduction pathways |
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Term
| In the future, scientists hope to be able to compare whole genomes of individuals, a new field called ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of these statements can be logically inferred from the amount of DNA shared by chimpanzees and humans? |
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Definition
| Humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor. |
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Term
| To find the nucleotide sequence of human chromosomes, chromosomes had to be digested into small fragments and then ______. (note: at least one other question is similar but different answer) |
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Definition
| inserted into a vector and cloned |
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Term
| What technique was used by Celera Genomics to quickly produce a draft of the nucleotide sequence of the human genome? |
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Definition
| whole-genome shotgun approach |
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Term
| Genetically modifying human ______ cells may directly affect future generations. |
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Definition
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Term
| Ethical dilemmas raised by DNA technology and knowledge of the human genome include ______. |
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Definition
A)the potential for interfering in evolution
B)the safety of GM foods
C)the potential discrimination against people predisposed to certain diseases
D)the appropriateness of creating new plants, animals, and microorganisms
E)all of the above |
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Term
| The short tandem repeat analysis ______. |
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Definition
| compares repetitive DNA sequences from different individuals |
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Term
| What is the advantage of being able to clone the gene for human insulin? |
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Definition
| Human insulin is less likely to provoke an allergic reaction than cow, pig, or horse insulin. |
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Term
| "Golden rice" is golden because it is rich in ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a major source of restriction enzymes? |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA fragments that have matching sticky ends are joined by bonds formed by the action of ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Gel electrophoresis separates DNA molecules on the basis of ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA and RNA are polymers composed of ______ monomers. |
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Definition
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Term
| The backbone of DNA consists of ______. |
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Definition
| a repeating sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate pattern |
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Term
| The DNA double helix is ______. |
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Definition
| made up of two polynucleotide strands |
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Term
| RNA contains ______, whereas DNA contains ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| If adenine makes up 20% of the bases in a DNA double helix, what percent of the bases are guanine? |
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Definition
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Term
| In a DNA double helix, adenine pairs with ______ and guanine pairs with ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| If one strand of a DNA double helix has the sequence GTCCAT, what is the sequence of the other strand? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who discovered the structure of DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| Evidence for the spiral nature of DNA came from ______. |
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Definition
| X-ray crystallography studies |
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Term
| What type of chemical bond joins the bases of complementary DNA strands? |
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Definition
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Term
| After replication, each new DNA double helix ______. |
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Definition
| each new DNA double helix consists of one old strand and one new strand |
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Term
| During replication, ______ are the enzymes responsible for joining the nucleotides of a new DNA strand together. |
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Definition
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Term
| The modern phrasing of Beadle and Tatum's hypothesis about relationships between genes and their products is "one gene-one ______." |
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Definition
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Term
| What name is given to the collection of traits exhibited by an organism? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many amino acids are common to all living systems? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many nucleotides make up a codon? |
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Definition
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Term
| RNA contains the nitrogenous base ______ instead of ______, which is only found in DNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| The shared genetic code of all life on Earth is evidence that ______. |
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Definition
| all life shares a common ancestry |
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Term
| Transcription is the ______. |
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Definition
| manufacture of a strand of RNA complementary to a strand of DNA |
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Term
| If a strand of DNA has the sequence AAGCTC, transcription will result in a(n) ______. |
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Definition
| single RNA strand with the sequence UUCGAG |
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Term
| Which of the following enzymes is responsible for RNA synthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| The region of DNA where RNA synthesis begins is the ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The correct sequence of events occurring during transcription is ______. |
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Definition
| initiation, elongation, termination |
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Term
| The absence of a terminator in transcription will result in ______. |
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Definition
| the production of a longer RNA molecule |
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Term
| What protects mRNA from attack by cellular enzymes? |
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Definition
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Term
| The expressed (coding) regions of eukaryotic genes are called ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| 26) Translation converts the information stored in ______ to ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| 27) The RNA that is translated into a polypeptide is ______ RNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| 28) The DNA codon AGT codes for an amino acid carried by a tRNA with the anticodon ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| 29) Where is translation accomplished? |
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Definition
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Term
| 30) What is the correct order of the stages of translation? |
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Definition
| initiation, codon recognition, peptide bond formation, translocation, termination |
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Term
| 31) Peptide bonds form between ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| 32) A mutation within a gene that will insert a premature stop codon in mRNA would ______. |
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Definition
| result in a shortened polypeptide chain |
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Term
| 33) What is the smallest number of nucleotides that must be added or subtracted to change the triplet grouping of the genetic message? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the ultimate source of all diversity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Viruses that infect bacteria are ______. |
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Definition
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Term
How can bacteriophage DNA be spread from cell to cell without causing cell death?
A) by altering the way a cell splices its RNA |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| often use RNA, rather than DNA, as their genetic material |
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Term
| A(n) ______ is to bacteria as a ______ is to animal cells |
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Definition
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Term
| HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) must use its own ______ to reproduce. |
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Definition
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Term
| At one point, you were just an undifferentiated, single cell. You are now made of many cells; some of these cells function as liver cells, some as muscle cells, some as red blood cells, while others play different roles. What name is given to the process that is responsible for this? |
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Definition
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Term
| In bacteria, what name is given to a cluster of genes with related functions, along with their control sequences? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bacterial RNA polymerase binds to the ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| 7) Which of the following turns off transcription by binding to the operator? |
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Definition
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Term
| Repressors act by blocking the binding of _____ to the operator. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the first level of control of eukaryotic gene transcription? |
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Definition
| DNA packing and unpacking |
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Term
| Cells communicate with one another via ______. |
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Definition
| signal transduction pathways |
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Term
| Which of these techniques could tell you how gene expression differs between individuals with and without cystic fibrosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is it that the cells in different body tissues are able to perform different functions? |
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Definition
| The cells exhibit different patterns of gene expression. |
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Term
| To make a clone, a genetically identical organism, from a mammalian cell, the cell must _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Possible uses of reproductive cloning include ______. |
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Definition
A) the production of genetically identical animals for experimentation
B) the production of potentially valuable drugs
C) the production of organs in pigs for transplant into humans
D) restocking populations of endangered animals
E) all of the above. |
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Term
| What is a difference between embryonic and adult stem cells? |
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Definition
| Embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated; adult stem cells are partially differentiated |
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Term
| What name is given to a gene that causes cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| Many proto-oncogenes regulate ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Inheritance of certain genes increases the risk of getting certain cancers; thus, it can be said that ______. |
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Definition
| predisposition to these cancers is inherited |
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Term
| Data suggest that the normal version of BRCA1 functions as a(n) ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| One of the most potent environmental carcinogens is ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is(are) responsible for more cancers than any other carcinogen. |
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Definition
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Term
| More people die of ______ cancer than of any other cancer. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of these lifestyle choices will increase cancer risk? |
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Definition
| a diet high in animal fat |
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Term
| The "master control genes" that regulate other genes, which determine what body parts will develop in which locations, are called ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of these is most likely to cause the development of a six-legged frog? |
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Definition
| mutation of homeotic genes |
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Term
| Developmental similarities among very different animals, such as fruit flies and mice, can be attributed to ______. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| are evidence of the common ancestry of eukaryotic organisms |
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Term
| Which of these is a genetically modified organism? |
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Definition
| an organism carrying a gene that was acquired by artificial means |
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Term
| Transgenic animals are currently used ______. |
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Definition
| to produce potentially useful proteins |
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Term
| Which of these can act as a vector to introduce new genes into a cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Of these steps, which occurs first in the production of a recombinant plasmid? |
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Definition
| isolation of a plasmid from a bacterium |
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Term
| Of these steps, which one occurs earliest in the process of producing recombinant DNA? |
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Definition
| Of these steps, which one occurs earliest in the process of producing recombinant DNA? |
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Term
| The possibility that Mongolian ruler Genghis Khan spread an unusual chromosome to nearly 16 million men living today resulted from studies of _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The study of the full protein sets that genomes encode is _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| What technique is most commonly used to sequence entire genomes? |
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Definition
| the whole-genome shotgun approach |
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Term
| To find the nucleotide sequence of human chromosomes, chromosomes had to be digested into small fragments and then ______. (note: at least one other question is similar but different answer) |
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Definition
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Term
| 28) The Human Genome Project has the potential to ______. |
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Definition
A) lead to treatments for inherited diseases
B) lead to treatments for contagious diseases
C) increase our understanding of the historical relationships among species
D) aid in solving crimes
E) play a role in all of the choices listed here |
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Term
| Approximately what percentage of the human genome consists of noncoding DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| "Sticky ends" are produced as a result of the action of ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| A DNA fragment with a sticky end that reads -ATTCG will bind with another DNA fragment with a sticky end that reads ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which enzyme is used to bind DNA fragments together? |
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Definition
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Term
| Of the following, which is the last step in the production of a recombinant DNA plasmid? |
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Definition
| using DNA ligase to join DNA fragments |
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Term
| You are attempting to link an individual to a crime. The only evidence you have is a tiny drop of blood. How can you use this drop of blood to make the association? |
|
Definition
| You can use PCR to increase the amount of DNA available for restriction fragment analysis |
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Term
| You can use PCR to increase the amount of DNA available for restriction fragment analysis |
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Definition
|
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Term
| ) Cutting DNA with a particular restriction enzyme produces DNA fragments that can be separated by ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| To make restriction fragments, a DNA sample is treated with ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments on the basis of differences in their _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| The human genome contains approximately ______ genes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is the best definition for recombinant DNA? |
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Definition
| DNA that carries genes from two different sources |
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Term
| Which of these is a genetically modified organism? |
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Definition
| an organism carrying a gene that was acquired by artificial means |
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Term
| when plasmids are used to produce a desired protein the _____ |
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Definition
| desired gene and plasmid are inserted into the genome of the cell containing the desired gene (perhaps the cell of a plant or animal) |
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Term
| A DNA fragment with a sticky end that reads -ATTCG will bind with another DNA fragment with a sticky end that reads ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Of the following, which is the last step in the production of a recombinant DNA plasmid? |
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Definition
| using DNA ligase to join DNA fragments |
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Term
| What name is given to a region of DNA that varies from person to person? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cutting DNA with a particular restriction enzyme produces DNA fragments that can be separated by ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The study of the full protein sets that genomes encode is _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Ethical dilemmas raised by DNA technology and knowledge of the human genome include ______. |
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Definition
A) the potential for interfering in evolution
B) the safety of GM foods
C) the potential discrimination against people predisposed to certain diseases
D) the appropriateness of creating new plants, animals, and microorganisms
E) all of the above |
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