Term
| Aerial Perspective/Atmospheric Perspective |
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Definition
| A nonlinear means of producing a sense of depth in painting. For example, dust particles causing distant objects to appear muted and blue. |
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Definition
| "At first" -- a method of oil painting in which the final effect is achieved in a single, direct application of paint to a ground |
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Definition
| Object used by the artist to identify a person, office, or concept. |
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Definition
| Signifies uncertainty about the individual authorship of a work of art. |
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Definition
| A painting entirely credited to an individual author |
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Term
| autograph copy/autograph replica |
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Definition
| A reproduction by the author of the original painting |
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Definition
A naturally occuring tar-like substance that produces a deep warm brown color.
Mixed with oil in order to create a painting material. |
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Definition
A water-based, opaque painting medium
A pigment that is naturally opaque. |
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Definition
| A clay material that is used as the prepatory layer for application of very thin layers of gold or silver |
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Definition
| An oil sketch with particularly sketchy execution that records the painter's early ideas. |
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Definition
| the basic tool used to apply not only paint but varnishes and metal leaf as well. |
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Definition
| A thing that consists of textures and impressions within a painting created by the workings of the artist's brush. |
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Definition
| A piece of cloth woven from flax, hemp, or cotton fibers. |
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Definition
| A full-scale drawing or painting used in the transfer of design to an easel painting, fresco, tapestry, stained glass, or other work. Usually of a large size. |
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Definition
An adhesive made from the curd of soured skim milk.
A difficultmedium that presents problems in handling and correction (quick-drying).
Brittle film does not age well. |
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Definition
| A painted panel insert in an Italian marriage chest, but today often displayed detached and framed like an easel painting. |
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Definition
| Used to describe the effects of light and shadow in painting. Particularly when the contrast between the two is very pronounced. |
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Definition
| Something perceived by the eye (and the mind) when specific wavelengths of light are reflected off a surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| describes the lightness or darkness of color corresponding to a gray scale that ranges from white to black |
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Definition
| describes the common nature of a color, such as red or green |
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Definition
| the degree of saturation of a color |
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Definition
| Used to describe a color that falls somewhere between the lightest, least intense, and the darkest, most saturated appearance of a particular hue. |
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Definition
| Orange, green, and violet |
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Definition
| colors that contain more red tones |
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Definition
| colors that contain more blue tones |
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Definition
| colors considered to be in extreme contrast to one another (red and green) |
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Definition
| The method of attribution that uses visual evidence alone to identify the specific author of a work of art or its time and place of execution. |
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Definition
| The restoration and preservation of works of art. |
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Definition
| A wooden framework attached to the reverse of a panel painting which, in theory, is designed to prevent warping or splitting of the support. |
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Definition
| A pattern of cracks that develops on the surface of a painting as a result of the natural drying and aging of the paint film. |
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Definition
| A picture comprising two panels or leaves, usually hinged together so that they can be closed like a book. |
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Definition
| A water-based paint medium that, upon drying, produces an opaque surface with a soft sheen. |
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Definition
| also known as glue tempera. Made from animal glue. Dries to a matte surface but is fragile. |
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Definition
| a medium that produces a hard, durable, and somewhat lustrous surface. Dries very quickly. |
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Definition
| a mixture of two materials that do not normally mix. Egg yoke is a natural one of these |
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Definition
| A wax-based paint created by mixing pigment with molten wax and applying the mixture to a support while still hot. |
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Definition
| the technique of depicting an object or figure so that it appears to recede. |
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Definition
| A border around a picture added to enhance its appearance by isolating it from its surroundings or by linking it to the doctor |
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Definition
| the technique of wall painting in which pigments mixed in water (or limewater) are applied directly onto freshly laid lime plaster |
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Definition
| A reddish brown chalk mixed in limewater |
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Definition
| A pigment that is particularly susceptible to fading over time. The fading process is actually a chemical change initiated by exposure to light. |
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Definition
| A mixture of calcium sulfate and rabbit-skin glue that is applied in liquid form as a primer to the surface of a painting support. It smooths out the irregularities in the support. |
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Definition
| The technique of affixing very thin sheets of metal called leaf to a surface. |
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Definition
| A transparent layer of darker paint that is applied over an opaque layer of lighter paint. Most commonly associated with oil paintings. |
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Definition
| An opaque, matte, water-based paint made from gum arabic and a chalf-like filler. |
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Definition
| Monochrome painting in shades of gray. |
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Definition
| The material applied to a support in order to prepare it from painting. |
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Definition
| The investigation and interpretation of subject matter in the visual arts |
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Term
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Definition
| The creation of an illusion of reality in painting. |
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Term
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Definition
| The texture created in a paint surface by the movement of the brush. |
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Term
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Definition
| A thin, transparent glaze of color applied to a ground before a painting on it. |
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Definition
| To lay out a composition on the ground with the use of a sharp instrument that carves lines into the prepared support. Most often employed to transfer a design from a cartoon. |
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Definition
| A modern examination technique for studying underdrawings that make use of a television camera containing an infrared-sensitive tube. |
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Definition
| The written word is incorporated in paintings most often to identify or comment on the subject. |
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Definition
| A new piece of fabric attached to the reverse of a canvas painting that provides additional support for the picture. |
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Definition
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Definition
| The material that is mixed with raw pigments in order to create paint. |
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Definition
| The use of at least two different types of media within the same painting. |
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Definition
| The representation of a three-dimensional form on a two-dimensional surface, usually achieved through the variation of light and shadow across the depicted form. |
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Term
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Definition
| A painting executed firectly on or permanently affixed to a wall |
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Definition
| The general term that describes a drying oil used as a paint medium. |
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Term
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Definition
| Originally a prepatory study in oils for another work, not necessarily in the same medium |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to refer to any painting executed entirely by an artist |
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Term
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Definition
A support for laying out paint
also refers to the general color tonality of a painting |
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Term
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Definition
| A flat metal spatula that was originally designed for mixing pigments with a painting medium |
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Term
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Definition
| A wooden support used for a painting |
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Definition
| A painting created as a companion piece to another painting. Usually of the same size and with complementary subject and composition. |
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Definition
| An artist's alteration (literally, repentance or change or mind) that has become increasingly apparent with time. |
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Term
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Definition
| The techniques of representing three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional space |
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Term
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Definition
| The plane separating the imaginary space of a painting and the real space of the spectator |
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Term
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Definition
| The coloring agent that is mixed with a binding medium to form paint. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the three dimensional quality of modeled figures or objects |
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Term
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Definition
| A painting comprising four or more panels, usually an altarpiece, whether hinged together or arranged in a fixed architectural frame. |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of transferring a design from a cartoon to the surface of a canvas, panel, or fresco. |
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Term
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Definition
| The lower register of polyptych and is composed of smaller panels, often with narrative episodes from the lives of saints. |
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Term
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Definition
| The material applied to a support in order to prepare it for painting. |
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Term
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Definition
| The history of the ownership of a work of art |
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Term
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Definition
| The ornamentation of the gold ground of a panel after gilding and prior to painting |
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Term
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Definition
| This term originally referred to corrections or additions made by an artist as final adjustments to a completed picture. However, the term has come to identify something quite different: the work done by a restorer to replace areas of loss or damage in a painting. |
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Term
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Definition
| A thin, lighter layer of color placed over a darker underpaint. |
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Term
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Definition
| The imperceptible gradation of tones or colors from light to dark in modeling, often giving forms soft contours. |
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Term
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Definition
| "scratched" a mathod of attaining effects, like gold cloth, with metallic leaf in painting |
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Definition
| the artists signing of the work |
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Term
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Definition
| Any material used as a primer to seal an absorbent surface. |
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Definition
| "from below upward" used to describe the extreme fore-shortening of figures and objects so that they actually seem to exist in the space over the viewer's head. |
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Term
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Definition
| A method used to transfer a design from a drawing to the ground of a painting when the sizes of the two works differ. |
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Term
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Definition
| the technique of making repeated applications of paint by holding a stiff brush directly perpendicular to the surface of the painting |
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Term
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Definition
| a wooden framework for stretching, supporting, and maintaining the tautness of a piece of canvas. |
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Term
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Definition
| A material used as the basic underlying structure in the creation of a painting |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The ornamentation of the gold ground of a panel after gilding and prior to painting |
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Definition
| the process of removing a painting from its original, presumably deteriorated support and replacing it with a new support |
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Definition
| A picture comprising three panels, usually hinged together. |
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Term
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Definition
| this is used as a scientific aid in the examination of paintings. |
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Term
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Definition
| A prepatory drawing directly on a ground, which is subsequently covered with paint. |
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Term
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Definition
| A preparatory paint layer applied by the artist as a means of establishing basic areas of light, dark, or color within a composition |
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Term
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Definition
| A coating applied to the surface of a painting. The varnish layer plays a dual role: it has a profound effect upon the final appearance of the painting and also serves as a protective coating for the paint surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| In its most general sense, any paint with a water-soluble medium. |
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Definition
| The name of the place where a painter works is also applied to the group of artists, artisans, and apprentices who work for him or her. |
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Definition
| A scientific tool used in the examination of paintings |
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Term
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Definition
| A bronze sculpture cast using molds taken from a pre-existing work in bronze rather than from the original model. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fine-grained translucent sedimentary stone composed of hydrous calcium sulfate that varies in color from white to yellowish or pink |
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Term
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Definition
| A term used to describe a work of art, or any portion therof, which is inspired by or emulates ancient Greek or Roman precedents. |
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Definition
| A mixture of two or more metals that have been melted together |
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Definition
| An internal skeleton, usually of metal or wood, which supports a sculpture in clay, plaster, or other modeling material during construction. |
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Term
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Definition
| an alloy of copper and zinc usually containing varying amounts of other metals such as lead and tin. |
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Term
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Definition
| replaces a wax model with bronze |
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Term
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Definition
| coating a surface to give it the appearance of bronze, generally through the application of metallic powders |
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Term
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Definition
| A three-dimensional partial representation of a real, imagined, or symbolic human figure that concentrates on the head |
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Term
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Definition
| sculpted ornament in the form of a scroll rolled at both ends, bearing an inscription or emblem. |
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Term
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Definition
| The removal of material to reveal a form, a process often contrasted with modeling, which involves the addition of material to build a form. |
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Term
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Definition
| partial excavation of the core and pouring in an excess amount of metal, which can then be leveled to match the surrounding surface. |
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Definition
| a term encompassing two processes in metal working: first, the modeling of decorative patterns on a hand-shaped sheet-metal surface using punches applied to the front, usually in combinatation with repousse, a technique in which the back is hammered to create a raised relief on the front; and the second, the finishing and refinement of a cast sculpture. |
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Term
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Definition
| the lost wax in lost wax casting |
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Term
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Definition
| a natural material formed by decompotion of certain types of rock. When mixed with water, it becomes a stiff paste that can be shaped and then fired so that the form hardens. |
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Definition
| A heraldic device identifying an individual's family and/or lineage. |
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Definition
| A statue of extraordinary size, usually two to three times the size of a man. |
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Definition
| An Italian term meaning "placed opposite" and synonymous with antithesis or the juxtaposition of opposite. in sculpture it refers to a stance in which each straight or weight-bearing limb to create a diagonal shift in the torso. |
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Definition
| a more or less exact reproduction of an existing sculpture. |
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Term
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Definition
| the material that fills the interior cavity of a mold when a hollow metal casting is made. |
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Term
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Definition
| an impression or mold of the face of a deceased person, usually made by oiling the skin and taking a plaster cast of the features. |
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Definition
| a reproduction of an existing sculpture on a larger scale. |
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Definition
| an adjective describing an image, often a portrait, of a person on horseback. |
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Term
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Definition
| the manner in which as work of sculpture is executed and its material manipulated to achieve a desired appearance. |
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Term
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Definition
| to trim or clean away unwanted mold seams or rough edges from the surface of a sculpture cast in terra-cotta, plaster, wax, or sometimes, metal. |
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Definition
| an italian term describing the pose of a figure whose twisting form creates a serpentine or spiral curve. |
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Definition
| cracks formed in ceramic sculpture during firing |
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Definition
| the establishment where metal casting takes place. |
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Definition
| a descriptive term for a sculpture strongly oriented toward a single viewpoint, which is obtained by standing directly in front of the work. |
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Term
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Definition
| in ceramic sculpture, a silica-based glassy coating fused to a ceramic body, which functions as both a decorative and a protective layer. |
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Term
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Definition
| the distinctive pattern and texture of a material that results from the arrangement, especially the stratification, of its particles or cells. |
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Definition
| a white powdery substance which, when mixed with water, sets through crystallization to a hard, brittle solid. |
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Definition
| A term applied to works of art that remain in their intended locations and settings. |
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Definition
| Any text that has been cast, carved, engraced, or stamped into a surface, or -- in the case of soft materials like clay or wax -- formed with a stylus or other pointed tool. |
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Term
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Definition
| a three dimensional sculpture carved or modeled on all sides. |
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Definition
| the material that makes up the outer mold surrounding the wax model in the lost wax casting technique. |
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Term
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Definition
| a location on a sculpture where two separate sections hae been fitted together. |
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Term
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Definition
| a mechanical instrument, known since antiquity, which rotates a piece of material while cutting tools to shape it into the desired cylindrical form |
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Term
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Definition
| a soft, heavy, corrosion-resistant gray metal. |
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Term
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Definition
| an image made directly from a lining subject or from molds taken from that subject. |
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Term
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Definition
| a white powdery substance that when mixed with water sets to a hard, brittle solid. |
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Term
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Definition
| sedimentary stone with fine grain that permits very detailed carving, but only very hard limestone wiht a low clay content can be polished. |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique that since antiquity, except for a period in the nineteenth century, has been the primary method for casting bronze sculpture. |
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Term
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Definition
| a three dimensional preparatory model, usually in clay or wax which represents on a smaller scale the subject and composition of a sculpture to be executed on a larger scale in a more permanent and expensive material. |
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Term
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Definition
| a stone with medium to coarse grain and various color and pattern. decorative stone that will take a high polish. |
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Term
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Definition
| any small circular flat work that exhibits relief decoration on one or, usually, both sides. |
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Term
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Definition
| a preliminary version of a projected sculpture, usually executed in an inexpensive material. |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of manipulating a sculptural medium such as clay, plaster, or wax to create a form. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers specifically to a more finished model and is thus closer in meaning to the term maquette |
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Term
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Definition
| the negative impression of a form into which a sculpting material is poured or pressed. |
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Term
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Definition
| in its most literal sense, the term refers to a monument or sculpture of large or over-life -sizse proportions. |
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Term
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Definition
| a term applied to sculpture that is intended to be seen from various points of view, all of which are pleasing and/or essential for understanding the work. |
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Term
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Definition
| the open or empty space that is defined or framed by sculpted elements within a composition |
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Term
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Definition
| a concave or rectangular architectural recess, often intended for the display of sculpture. |
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Term
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Definition
| a term used to describe a sculpture that is considered unfinished because tool marks are still visible and/or it lacks its final carving, polishing, and refinements of details. |
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Term
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Definition
| a sculpture that copies, imitates, or incorporates elements from various works of art by the same artist or different arists, or from various stylistic periods, and recombines them to create a new work. |
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Term
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Definition
| anything that holds up and or bares the weight of a sculpture. |
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Term
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Definition
| a mixture of lime or gypsum with sand and water; hardens into a smooth solid; used to cover walls and ceilings |
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Term
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Definition
| pieces of metal used to fill the holes left when core pins are removed and to repair small casting flaws |
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Term
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Definition
| a mechanical process used for the reproduction of sculpture. the name derives from points marked on a model, which are used to transfer measurements to a marble block as it is being carved. |
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Term
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Definition
| the decoration of a surface in many colors, often, but not necessarily, including metallic treatments such as gilding. |
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Term
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Definition
| the angle from which as sculpture yields its most pleasing, comprehensive, and informative view. |
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Term
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Definition
| sculpture in which the elements of the composition project from the surface of a more or less flat background, known as the relief plane. |
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Definition
| a box of sculpted container made as a repository for preserving, displaying, and glorifying sacred relics which are considered holy and believed to possess powers. |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique for casting metals, which was first used for simple sculpture and utilitarian objects in the renaissance, grew in populatiry in the early eighteenth century, and became the primary method for casting iron and bronze in the 19th century. |
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Term
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Definition
| a sedimentary stone carved with precision but cannot be polished. the carving tools used for this stone are similar to those used in marble |
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Term
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Definition
| a sculpture in the round representing an entire figure on a scale that is substantially smaller than the life-size. |
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Term
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Definition
| a narrow piece of stone connecting two parts or limbs of a stone sculpture which would otherwise be extremely fragile and susceptible to breakage. |
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Term
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Definition
| a mixture containing gypsum, limeplaster combined with sand and additives such as marble powder, animal glue, white wine, resins, or milk, which increase durability and lengtherns the time during which it is workable. slow setting and hardens at room temp. |
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Term
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Definition
| coarse grained clay that has been fired at low temp. and left unglazed. |
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Term
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Definition
| marks left in a sculpted surface by the tools used to create or finish the sculpture. |
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Term
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Definition
| the way in whcih the lower portion and bottom edge of a sculpted bust is treated. |
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