Term
| Asbestos can cause which two types of cancer? |
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Definition
| Lung Cancer and Mesothelioma |
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Term
| How long can it take for asbestos related diseases to develop? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Scarring of the lung tissue, it takes 15-60 years to develop and caused by high exposure to asbestos fibres |
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Term
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Definition
| Cancer of the cells that make up the lining around the outside of the lungs, and inside the ribs, or around the abdominal organs |
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Term
| What is the latency period of Mesothelioma? |
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Definition
| An average of 30-40 years |
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Term
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Definition
| A malignant tumour of the lungs' air passages. The tumour grows through surrounding tissue, invading and often obstructing air passages |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the effect between smoking and asbestos exposure, which significantly increases the risk of developing lung cancer |
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Term
| What are pleural effusions? |
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Definition
| Caused by the build up of fluid in pleural space, leads to flu like symptoms, breathlessness and discomfort. This can occur within five years of exposure to asbestos and most common asbestos-related disease |
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Term
| What are pleural plaques? |
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Definition
| Caused by collections of fibrous tissue, which generally form on the outer pleural membrane, the parietal membrane. The plaques become calcified over time causing breathlessness and pain when the lungs against the chest wall. Generally take 10-30 years after first exposure to appear |
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Term
| What is diffuse pleural thickening? |
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Definition
| Caused by a thickening of the plural membranes, usually the perietal membrane. This compresses the lung and prevents it from expanding normally, causing breathlessness, particularly during exercise. This is a benign condition |
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Term
| Which asbestos is most common in loose insulation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which asbestos is most common in sprayed coatings? |
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Definition
| Crocidolite until 1962-1971 and Chrysotile and Amosite |
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Term
| Which asbestos is most common in thermal insulation? |
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Definition
| Chrysotile and Crocidolite |
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Term
| Which asbestos is most common in paper, felt or cardboard? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the percentage and which asbestos is in sprayed coatings? |
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Definition
| 55%-85% Crocidolite, Chrysotile and Amosite |
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Term
| What is the percentage and which asbestos is in pipe/thermal insulation? |
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Definition
Crocidolite, Chrysotile, Amosite, Actinolite, Tremolite and Anthophyllite
Mostly Crocidolite and Amosite
6%-85% asbestos |
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Term
| What is the percentage and which asbestos is in gaskets/rope/paper/felt/textiles? |
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Definition
| Chrysotile, approaching 100% |
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Term
| What is the percentage and which asbestos is in textured decorative coatings? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the percentage and which asbestos is in bitumen products? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which asbestos was mined in Fineland? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which asbestos was mined in Zimbabwe? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the definition of asbestos? |
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Definition
| Asbestos is the general term used for the fibrous forms of several naturally occurring silicate minerals that have been exploited for their useful properties of flexibility, high tensile strength, incombustibility, low thermal conductivity, and resistance to chemical attack |
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Term
| Which asbestos is classified as a sheet silicate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which asbestos is classified as a chain silicate? |
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Definition
| Amosite, Tremolite, Anthophyllite, Actinolite, Crocidolite |
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Term
| What are the mineral names for Chrysotile? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the mineral names for Crocidolite? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the mineral names for Amosite? |
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Definition
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Term
| What requirements must fume cabinets conform to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the minimum face velocity of a fume cabinet? |
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Definition
| 0.5m/s over the working area |
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Term
| What requirements must H-Type vacuums conform to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 6 regulated types of asbestos? |
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Definition
| Chrysotile, Amosite, Actinolite, Crocidolite, Tremolite and Anthophyllite |
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Term
| What regulations do we need to adhere to for usage of chemicals? |
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Definition
| COSHH - Control of Substances Hazardous to Heath regulations (2014) |
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Term
| Why would you use acetone when analysing asbestos? |
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Definition
| Acetone can be used to clean fibres that have been within a substance for better analysis |
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Term
| How would you distinguish between leather swarf and Chrysotile? |
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Definition
| Ashing the sample at 400'C removes the leather swarf as the Chrysotile will not disintegrate |
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Term
| Which heated asbestos types may be difficult to distinguish underneath the PLM? |
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Definition
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Term
| What checks need to be done to ensure RI liquids conform to COSHH? |
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Definition
| They must be used within shelf life date, verification should be repeated every 3 months whilst checking for contamination |
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Term
| What is Acetic Acid or Hydrochloric Acid used for? |
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Definition
| It is used to remove calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate and calcium silicate binders |
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Term
| What is the appearance of Chrysotile? |
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Definition
| White soft with bundles of sinuous fibres, flexible which cling to tweezers, silky and inelastic |
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Term
| What RI liquid would be used for Chrysotile? |
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Definition
| 1.5500 (must be to be 4 decimal places) |
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Term
| What does isotropic mean? |
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Definition
| Same properties in all directions therefore showing a single RI |
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Term
| What does Anisotropic mean? |
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Definition
| Different properties in different directions therefore showing more than one RI, all asbestos is anisotropic |
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Term
| What must you do when diluting acid? |
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Definition
| Add Acid to cold water to avoid aggression and splashbacks |
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Term
| How many RI liquids are used in PLM identification? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which asbestos types have an oblique extinction angle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do you need a Walton Beckett graticule to identify asbestos? |
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Definition
| No, because this is used for counting fibres |
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Term
| Why was Chrysotile the most commonly used asbestos in textiles and woven products? |
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Definition
| High tensile strength, flexible, hydrophilic, inelastic, fire retardant, can be dyed, easily woven and cheapest |
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Term
| What happens when Crocidolite is heated? |
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Definition
| The sign of elongation reverses, the colour changes through grey then yellow to orange-brown; pleochroism is supressed at the grey colouration stage, but reappears as dark brown to lighter yellow on further heating |
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Term
| What happens when Amosite is heated? |
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Definition
| The sign of elongation remains positive but the colour changes through yellow to a dark brown, the pleochroism develops with the same colour changes as heated crocidolite |
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Term
| Why can polyethylene be confused for asbestos? |
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Definition
| It resembles Chrysotile, it shows dispersion staining colours which typically appear within Chrysotile |
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Term
| Why can leather swarf be confused for asbestos? |
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Definition
| Leather swarf fibres have low birefringence, similar to chrysotile and also have the same morphology as chrysotile |
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Term
| Why can macerated aramid fibres be confused for asbestos? |
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Definition
| They appear to have the same morphology as chrysotile |
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Term
| Why can spiders' webs, and other natural organic fibres, be confused for asbestos? |
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Definition
| The RIs are close to those of chrysotile |
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Term
| What is the definition of Becke Line? |
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Definition
| A bright line formed in the image at the boundary between media of different optical path lengths, it moves in the direction of the longer optical path when the distance between the objective and the object is increased |
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Term
| What is the definition of birefringence? |
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Definition
| The qualitative expression of the maximum difference in RI due to double refraction |
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Term
| What is the definition of dispersion staining microscopy? |
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Definition
| The microscopy of the transparent objects that are in a mounting medium, the RI of which matches that of the object for a certain wavelength, but which has a distinctly higher dispersive power than the object |
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Term
| What is the definition of Kohler Illumination? |
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Definition
| A method of illuminating objects in which an image of the source is projected by a collector into the plane of aperture diaphragm in front focal plane of the condenser |
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Term
| What is the definition of plechroism? |
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Definition
| The property of an optically anisotropic medium by which is exhibits different brightness and/or colour in different directions of light propagation, or in different vibration directions, on account of variation in selective spectral absorption of transmitted light |
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Term
| What percentage do HEPA filters have to work to? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Plane polarised light is composed of light waves vibrating in one direction only after they have passed through a polarising filter |
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Term
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Definition
| Crossed polars are two polarising filters mounted 'in series' with the specimen between them. The polariser is mounted below the microscope condenser with vibration direction E-W. The analyser is mounted above the objective with vibration direction N-S |
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