Term
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Definition
| punishment applied to the body such as whipping or branding |
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Term
William Penn and The Quakers
(seperate system) |
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Definition
-more human system introduced forbidding torture, imprisonment at hard labor and moderate flogging with restitution.
-Pennslyvania system came about: solitary confinement with in cell labor, isolation and silence were the norms, a place to reflect on wrongdoings and improve one's character-to get right with God. |
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Term
Auburn(NY)System
(Silent/Congregate System) |
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Definition
-alternative to pennslyvainia system, based on fear of punishment and solitary confinement, congregate work conditions, seperate and silent conditions at night.
-this system won out in the U.S. |
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Term
| Reformatory Movement(late 1800's) |
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Definition
-believed rehabilitation was the best purpose for institutions
-believed social, biological, and psychological conditions led to offender's devience
-advocated indeterminate sentencing (judge determines min/max terms of imprisonment)
-Elmira reformatory in NY was one of the first to employ this approach |
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Term
| Rehabilitation Model (1950s-1960s) |
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Definition
-emphasized need to restore an offender to a constructive place in society through some form of vocational or educational training or therapy
-based on medical model |
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Term
| stages of prison development |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-federal bureau of prisons operates the system
-maintains institutions at 6 security levels
-popluation contains more inmates convicted of white collar crime than state institutions
-drug offenders make up about 60% of the incarcerated pupulation |
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Term
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Definition
-Adaptive Roles- Heffernan
-Square(non criminals)
-cool(professionals)
-In the life(habitual offenders)
most women in prison are there for violent offense, but are not violent offenders |
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Term
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Definition
-hold inmates sentenced to short terms
-receive indivuals pending arraignment and to await trail conviction or sentening
-readmit probation,parole. and bail bond violators and absconders
-temporarily detain juveniles, the mentally ill and others pending transfer to appropate facilitees.
-jails usually understaffed and underpaid, not designed/intended for treatment |
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Term
| overcrowding in prisons and jails |
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Definition
-space available per inmate
-How long inmates are confined in cells or housing units
-living arrangemnts
-types of housing |
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Term
| characteristics of prison inmates |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Minimum-A correctional institution designed to allow inmates, most of whom pose low security risks, a great deal of freedom of movement and contact with the outside world
Medium-inmates are considered less dangerous and escape prone and thier movments within the facility are less controlled, and surveillance is less vigilant
Maximum-A correctional institution designed to hold the most aggressive and incorrigible offenders
Supermax-highly restrictive, high custody housing units within a secure facility that isolates inmates from general prison population and from each other due to threat of harm, exscape, or inticing prison disturbances |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Classification-the process through which the educational, vocational, treatment, and custodial needs of the offender are determined
Educational Programs-the emphasis is on basic knowledge and communicative skills
Vocational Programs-foucus on preparing inmates for meaningful employment after release
Rehabilitative programs- |
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Term
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Definition
| places that furnish barriers to social interchange with the world at large |
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Term
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Definition
| the socializing process by which the inmate learns the rules and regulations of the institution and the informal rules, values,customs,and general culture of the penitentiary |
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Term
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Definition
the unwritten rules of the prison subculture,which, if violated, can result in sanctions ranging from ostracism to death
-dont be nosey, do your own time, be right, dont weaken, be sharp |
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Term
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Definition
based on the unavailability of goods and services
contraband-any item that can be used to break a rule of the institution or to assist in escape some include drugs, alcohol, knives,guns,etc. |
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Term
| Women in prison-characteristics |
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Definition
-women make up 7% of the prison population
-the cottage system model is typically follwed in womens prisons |
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Term
| Violence in prisons-causes and characteristics |
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Definition
-mostly caused by overcrowding and administrative policies
-includes homosexual rape which is rare, nonsexual assults(shakedowns), and riots |
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Term
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Definition
| the refusal of the courts to hear inmate complaints about the conditions of incarceration and the constitutional deprivations of penitentiary life |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a writ that directs the person holding a prisoner to bring him or her before a judicial officer to determine the lawfulness of imprisonment |
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Term
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Definition
| inmates who have become familiar with the crimnal justice system and assist other inmates in legal matters |
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Term
| Ruffin v. Commonwealth (1871) |
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Definition
| inmates are considered slaves of the state and therefore have no legal rights |
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Term
| Procunier v. Martinez(1974) |
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Definition
| the supreme court ruling that prison mail censorship is constitutional only when the practice furthurs government interests in security and rehabilitation |
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Term
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Definition
| the supreme court ruling that unless a state provides some reasonable legal assistance to inmates seeking postconviction relief, a jailhouse lawyer must be permitted to aid inmates in filing habeas corpus petitions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The majority of probationers complete their terms without being arrested |
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Term
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Definition
| Created probation, would take people into home with a promise to turn them around and if not bring them back to be incarcerated |
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Term
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Definition
A criminal sanction in which a convict is allowed to remain in the community rather than be imprisoned, so long as she or he follows certain conditions set by the court
-Most common form of punishment in the United States |
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Term
| caseload (paper clients and dangerous men) |
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Definition
| Probation officers have such large caseloads that they cannot rigorously enforce the conditions imposed on many of their clients so they focus on the more dangerous clients |
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Term
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Definition
divide into three different groups according to the caseloads.
Dead-dangerous offenders
Maybe-
Live-paper clients, those who will stay out of trouble.
probation officers focus on the people in the middle |
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Term
| Probation or Parole violations |
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Definition
legal-
technical-An action taken by a probationer, that although not criminal, breaks the terms of probation as designated by the court; can result in the revocation of probation and a return to prison or jail |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of probation supervision invovling frequent face to face contact between the probationer and the probation officer |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the supreme court ruling that a parolee facing revocation is entitled to both a preliminary hearing to determine whether he or she actually violated parole and a final hearing to consider not only the facts in question but also if there was a violation, what to do about it |
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Term
| Gagnon v. Scarpelli(1973) |
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Definition
| the supreme court ruling that the holding in Morrissey v. Brewer also applies to probationers and that neither probationers nor parolees are entitled to counsel as a matter of right at revocation hearings |
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Term
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Definition
| the supreme court ruling that the right to counsel applies to state probation revocation hearings at which deferred sentence may be imposed |
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Term
| Alexander Maconochie (Norfolk Island) |
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Definition
started parole
-believed that prisoners were capable of reformation
-prisoners could earn their way through three grades by good work and behavior
-the third grade was earning a "ticket of leave" which provided conditional liberty |
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Term
| Sir Walter Crofton (Irish System) |
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Definition
-applied maconochie's ticket of leave to the irish prison system
-attached conditions to the leave which could result in one being returned to prison |
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Term
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Definition
Discretionary Release-
Mandatory Release-a result of the accumilation of good time days
Unconditional Release- |
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Term
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Definition
Presumptive Parole Date-
Risk Assesment- |
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Term
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Definition
| an authorized, unescorted absence from a correctional institution for a specifed period of time. |
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