Term
| Ainslie-Rachlin principle |
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Definition
| A principle which states that reinforcement value decreases as the delay between making a choice and obtaining the reinforcer increases. |
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Definition
| The use of economic concepts (price, substitute commodity, etc.) and principles (e.g., marginal utility) to predict, control, and analyze the behavior of individuals in choice situations. |
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Definition
| Some unknown asymmetry between the choice alternatives that affects preference (in addition to the relative rates of reinforcement); |
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Definition
| A control procedure that is used to stop rapid switching between alternatives on concurrent schedules of reinforcement stipulating that after switching to a new alternative, a brief time is required before a response is reinforced. |
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Definition
| A response and individual makes to change from one schedule to another when concurrent schedules are programmed on a single operandum |
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Definition
| The distribution of operant behavior among alternative sources of reinforcement |
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Definition
| Behavior emitted prior to choice that eliminates or reduces the probability of impulsive behavior |
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Term
| Concurrent schedules of reinforcement |
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Definition
| Two or more independent but simultaneously available schedules of reinforcement each with a unique discriminative stimulus |
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Definition
| The tendency for reinforcers to lose effectiveness the longer they are delayed |
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Definition
| A mathematical curve showing how consumption of a commodity decreases with price. |
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Definition
| A mathematical curve describing the value of a consequence as some dimension that decreases (i.e., discounts) its effectiveness is increased |
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Definition
| A commodity for which consumption readily changes with changes in price |
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Term
| Extraneous sources of reinforcement |
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Definition
| All nonprogrammed sources of reinforcement that regulate an individual's behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| An laboratory procedure for presenting concurrent schedules that are programmed on a single operandum so that an individual must make a separate response to change from one schedule to another |
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Term
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Definition
| A power function generalization of the ratio statement of the matching law that takes into account bias (k) and sensitivity (a): B1/B2 = k(R1/R2)a |
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Term
| Hyperbolic discounting equation |
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Definition
| Mazur's delay discounting equation that represents the value of a reinforcer as a hyperbolic function of delay until its delivery: Vd = A/(1 + kd) |
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Definition
| Selecting a small-sooner outcome over a larger-later outcome |
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Term
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Definition
| Commodities for which the rate of consumption of one of the commodities is unaffected by changes in consumption for others |
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Definition
| A commodity for which consumption does not change [much] with changes in price |
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Term
| Log-linear matching equation |
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Definition
| A mathematical transformation of the power function generalization of the matching law that converts the function to a straight line: log(B1/B2) = log k + [a × log(R1/R2)]. |
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Definition
| In performances involving concurrent operants, distributing responses so that the relative response rate of each roughly matches the relative reinforcement rate for each. |
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Definition
| A quantitative formulation stating that the relative rates of different responses tends to equal the relative reinforcement rates for those responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mathematical equation that describes concurrent schedule performance when alternatives differ only in rate of reinforcement; it can be stated as proportions {B1/(B1 + B2) = R1/(R1 + R2)} or as ratios {B1/B2 = R1/R2} . |
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Definition
| A view of behavior asserting that individuals compare their behavioral distributions with overall outcomes and eventually stabilize on a response distribution that maximizes overall rate of reinforcement. |
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Definition
| A view of behavior asserting that individuals are sensitive to fluctuations in the momentary outcomes and allocate behavior to do the best they can at the moment. |
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Definition
| Obtaining the highest overall rate of reinforcement from foraging behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| In a concurrent operants arrangement, a response allocation that is more extreme (i.e., closer to all and none) than the reinforcer allocation; a value greater than 1 for the sensitivity parameter in the generalized matching equation,. |
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Term
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Definition
| Another name for the generalized matching law: B1/B2 = k(R1/R2)a |
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Term
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Definition
| When an individual chooses one source of reinforcement more frequently than another |
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Term
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Definition
| When equated for differential outcomes, individuals show a preference for options that allow them to make choices compared with options that limit or restrict the opportunity to choose. |
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Term
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Definition
| A change in value of one reinforcer compared to another as a function of the time until the choice between alternatives is made |
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Term
| Quantitative law of effect |
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Definition
| This law states that the absolute rate of response on a schedule of reinforcement is a hyperbolic function of rate of reinforcement on the schedule relative to the total rate of reinforcement (both scheduled and extraneous reinforcement) |
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Term
| Relative rate of response |
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Definition
| When two or more sources of reinforcement are available (as on a concurrent schedule), the relative rate of response refers to the rate of response on one alternative divided by the sum of the response rates on all alternatives. |
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Term
| Relative rates of reinforcement |
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Definition
| When two or more sources of reinforcement are available (as on a concurrent schedule), the relative rate of reinforcement refers to the rate of reinforcement delivered on one alternative divided by the sum of the rates of reinforcement from all sources of reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Selecting a larger-later outcome over a smaller-sooner outcome |
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Term
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Definition
In a concurrent operants arrangement, the extent to which changes in the reinforcement ratio impacts the proportion of responses allocated to the options; the extent to which an individuals' response allocation tends to overestimate or underestimate the reinforcement ratio as that ratio changes
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Definition
| When the consumption of one commodity decreases because of an increased price, and the result is an increase in consumption of a second commodity with an unchanged price |
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Term
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Definition
| An experimental procedure used to study concurrent schedule of reinforcement in pigeons where the alternative schedules are presented on separate response keys. |
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Term
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Definition
| In a concurrent operants arrangement, a response allocation that is less extreme (i.e., closer to 50%-50%) than the reinforcer allocation; responding disproportionally more toward the leaner reinforcement alternative; a value less than 1 for the sensitivity parameter in the generalized matching equation. |
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