Term
| oxygen constitutes how much of the air we breathe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the absense of oxygen can lead to what |
|
Definition
| cellular, tissue, and organism death |
|
|
Term
| respiration is the process of what |
|
Definition
| gas exchange between the individual and the environment |
|
|
Term
| what are the four components of respiration |
|
Definition
1. ventilation or breathing, the movenment of air in and out of the lungs as we inhale and exhale.
2. alveolar-capillary gas exchange, which involves the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries
3. Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the tissues and the lungs
4. movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the systemic capillaries and the tissues |
|
|
Term
| name the four processes of the respiratory system |
|
Definition
| pulmonary ventilation, alveolar gas exchange, transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide, and systemic diffusion |
|
|
Term
| what makes up the upper respiratory system |
|
Definition
| mouth, nose, pharynx, and larynx |
|
|
Term
| what makes up the lower respiratory system |
|
Definition
| trachea and lungs, with the bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pulmonary capillary network, and pleural membranes |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose for the nose in the respiratory system |
|
Definition
| warm, humidify, and filter |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of a sneeze |
|
Definition
| to clear the nasal passage |
|
|
Term
| what is the importance of the larynx |
|
Definition
| maintaining airway patency and protecting the lower airways from swallowed food and fluids |
|
|
Term
| how much inspiration usually occurs during a cough |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the nerve impules sent during the cough reflex |
|
Definition
| sent through the vagus nerve to the medulla |
|
|
Term
| what is the respiratory membrane and what forms it |
|
Definition
| the alveolar and capillary walls form the respiratory membrane(alveolar/capillary membrane), where gas exchange occurs between the air on the alveolar side and the blood on the capillary side |
|
|
Term
| adequate ventilation depends on what |
|
Definition
clear airways
an intact central nervous system and repiratory center
an intact thoracic cavity capable of expanding and contracting
adequate pulmonary compliance and recoil |
|
|
Term
| what is the intrapleural pressure |
|
Definition
pressure in the pleural cavity
always slightly negative in relation to atmospheric pressure |
|
|
Term
| what is the intrapulmonary pressure |
|
Definition
pressure within the lungs
always equalizes with atmospheric pressure. |
|
|
Term
| COPD reduces the elasticity results in what |
|
Definition
| forced expirations and may impair the body's ability to expel CO2 |
|
|
Term
| how much air for an adult is usually inspired and expired with each breath |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how much air inspired and expired during one breath |
|
|
Term
| what are the accessory muscles of respiration |
|
Definition
| anterior neck muscles, intercostal muscles, and muscles of the abdomen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the expansibility or stretchability of lung tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collapse of a portion of the lung |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the continual tendency of the lungs to collapse away from the chest wall |
|
|
Term
| lung compliance is necessary for__________ and lung recoil is necessary for_____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lipoprotein produced by specialized alveolar cells, acts like a detergent, reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the pressure exerted by each individual gas in a mixture according to its concentration in the mixture |
|
|
Term
| what is the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the partial pressure of oxygen in the venous blood of the pulmonary arteries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2)in the venous blood entering the pulmonary capillaries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does most of the oxygen normally combine with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| combined with hemoglobin and carried as oxyhemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| what can affect the rate of oxygen transport from the lungs to the tissues |
|
Definition
cardiac output
number of erythrocytes and blood hematocrit
exercise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the normal hematocrit for men and for women |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| whats the normal amount of erythrocytes for men and for women |
|
Definition
men 5 million per cubic milliliter of blood
women 4.5 million per cubic milliliter |
|
|
Term
| excessive increases in the blood hematocrit raises what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| excessive reductions in the blood hematocrit, such as occur in anemia, reduces oxygen transport |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three ways carbon dioxide is transported from the cells to the lungs |
|
Definition
1. 65% inside RBCs as bicarbonate
2. 30% combines with hemoglobin as carbhemoglobin
3. 5% in solution in the plasma and as carbonic acid |
|
|
Term
| what factors affect the respiratory function |
|
Definition
| age, lifestyle, environment, health status, medications, and stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| harsh, high-pitched sound, may be heard during inspiration |
|
|
Term
| adventitious breath sounds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| breathing patterns refer to |
|
Definition
| rate, volume, rhythm, and relative ease or effort of respirations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
normal respirations
quiet, rhythmic, and effortless |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormally slow respiratory rate |
|
|
Term
| a client who has been taking drugs such as morphine or sedatives, who have metabolic alkalosis, or who have increased intracranial pressure would have what type of breathing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hypoventilation may be caused by what |
|
Definition
(inadequate alveolar ventilation)
slow or shallow breathing, or both |
|
|
Term
| hypoventilation may lead to what |
|
Definition
increased levels of carbon dioxide
or low leveles of oxygen (hypoxemia) |
|
|
Term
| hypoventilation may occur because |
|
Definition
| diseases of the respiratory muscles, drugs, or anesthesia |
|
|
Term
| hyperventilation what happens to the CO2 level |
|
Definition
| respirations increase and more CO2 is eliminated than is produced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
type of hyperventilation that accompanies metabolic acidosis
the body attempts to compensate for increased metabolic acids by blowing off acid in the form of CO2 |
|
|
Term
| Cheyne-Stokes respirations |
|
Definition
| marked rhythmic waxing and waning of respirations from very deep to very shallow with short periods of apnea commonly caused by chronic diseases, increased intracranial pressure, and drug overdose |
|
|
Term
| Biot's (cluster) respirations |
|
Definition
shallow breaths interpretted by apnea
may be seen in clients with central nervous disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to breath easily unless sitting upright or standing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| signs a client would have if has dyspnea |
|
Definition
| flaring of the nostrils, labored-appearing breathing, increased heart rate, cyanosis, and diaphoresis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
many
most stem from cardiac or respiratory disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduced oxygen levels in the blood |
|
|
Term
| hypoxemia may be caused by |
|
Definition
| conditions that impair diffusion at the alveolar-capillary level such as pulmonary edema or atelectasis (collapsed alveoli) or by low hemoglobin levels |
|
|
Term
| insufficient oxygen anywhere in the body is what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bluish discoloration of the skin, nail beds, and mucous membranes due to reduced hemoglobin-oxygen saturation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what may be present with hypoxemia or hypoxia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long can the cerebral cortex tolerate hypoxia before permanent damage occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anxious, tired, and drawn are all signs of what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| assumes a sitting position, often leaning forward slightly to permit greater expansion of the thoracic cavity is signs of what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| client feels fatigued and is lethargic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fingers and toes clubbed would be a sign of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the nurse assessment of oxygenation status include |
|
Definition
| history, physical examination, and review of relevant diagnostic data |
|
|
