Term
| Oxidative phosphorylation generates ___ of the ___ molecules of ATP that are formed when glucose is oxidized to CO2 and H2O |
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Definition
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Term
| Oxidative phosphorylation is the culmination of a series of energy transformations collectively called... |
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Definition
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Term
| TCA cycle occurs in the _____. Products can proceed immediately to ____. |
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Definition
mitochondrial matrix
electron transport chain |
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Term
| Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the... |
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Definition
| inner mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
| The mitochondrial genome contains less than __% of protein coding genes in E. coli. |
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Definition
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Term
| Standard reduction potentials are relative to... |
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Definition
H+ reduction
H+ + e' -> 1/2H2 |
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Term
| Negative reduction potential means... |
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Definition
| that the oxidized form of a substance has lower affinity for electrons than H2 |
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Term
| Positive reduction potential means... |
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Definition
| that the oxidized form of a substance has a higher affinity for electrons than H2 |
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Term
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Definition
| the partial reaction written as Oxidant + e- --> reductant |
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Term
| Equation for the relationship between standard free-energy change and the change in reduction potential |
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Definition
| delta G*' = -nF(delta E'o) |
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Term
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Definition
| change in reduction potential (V) |
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Term
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Definition
| number of electrons transferred |
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Term
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Definition
| Faraday proportionality constant (96.48 kJ/mol/V) |
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Term
| Which five protein electron-carrying groups (cofactors or prosthetic groups) are present in the electron transport chain? |
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Definition
Flavins
Fe-S clusters
Quinones
Hemes
Copper ions |
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Term
| ____ environment provides an efficient pathway for electron conduction |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Complex I made of/also known as? |
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Definition
NADH-Q Oxioreductase, FMN, Fe-S clusters
AKA: NADH dehydrogenase |
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Term
| What is Complex II made of/also known as? |
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Definition
Succinate-Q Reductase, FAD, Fe-S clusters
AKA: Succinate dehydrogenase |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is Complex III made of/also known as? |
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Definition
Q-Cytochrome c oxioreductase, Heme bH, Heme bL, Heme C1, Fe-S clusters
AKA: Cytochrome bc1 complex |
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Term
| What is Complex IV made of? |
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Definition
| Cytochrome c Oxidase, Heme a, Heme a3, Cu ions |
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Term
| Which enzyme complex in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway is the biggest? |
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Definition
| NADH-Q oxioreductase, >900 kd, 46 subunits |
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Term
| Where is the NADH located on NADH-Q oxioreductase |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the Succinate located on Succinate-Q-reductase? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the cytochrome c located on Q-cytochrome c oxioreductase? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the cytochrome c located on cytochrome c oxidase? |
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Definition
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Term
| All of the proteins in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway are ____ and ____, and they are all involved in... |
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Definition
large and complex
forming a conduit for electrons to move to consecutively higher potential sites |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane soluble electron carrier |
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Term
| In iron sulfur clusters and hemes, where are electrons carried? |
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Definition
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Term
| Rate of electron transfer is ____-dependent and mediated by _____ and _____. |
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Definition
Distance-dependent
proteins and redox cofactors |
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Term
| Cofactors of NADH dehydrogenase? |
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Definition
FMN
Multiple FeS clusters
Internal quinone site |
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Term
| NADH dehydrogenase has a __ and ___ module (__ module is larger). |
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Definition
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Term
| Unsolved details of NADH dehydrogenase mechanism |
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Definition
| How are $H+ transported into the intermembrane space? |
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Term
| NADH + Q + 5H+(matrix) -> ? |
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Definition
| NAD+ + QH2 + 4H+(cytoplasm) |
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Term
| Succinate dehydrogenase (complex II) functions to... |
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Definition
reduce the quinone pool.
No net proton pumping across the membrane |
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Term
| What reaction does the bc1 complex catalyze? |
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Definition
| QH2 + 2Cytc(ox) + 2H+(matrix) -> Q + 2Cytc(red) + 4H+(cytoplasm) |
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Term
| Heme c1 contains which residues? |
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Definition
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Term
| Heme bL contains which residues? |
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Definition
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Term
| Heme bH contains which residues? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Rieske iron-sulfur center contains which residues? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 2QH2 + Q + 2Cytc(ox) + 2H+(matrix) -> QH2 + 2Q + 2Cytc(red) + 4H+(cytoplasm) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Cytochrome c has __ conserved residues |
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Definition
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Term
| Cytochrome C is so highly conserved that... |
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Definition
| cross-species reactivity cyt c and cyt c oxidase is observed |
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Term
| Does cytochrome c have functions outside the electron transport chain? |
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Definition
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Term
| Equation for action of cytochrome c oxidase? |
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Definition
| 4Cytc(red) + 8H+(matrix) + O2 -> 4Cytc(ox) + 2H2O + 4H+(cytoplasm) |
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Term
| What residues does Heme a have? |
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Definition
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Term
| What residues does Heme a3 have? |
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Definition
| 4 His, 1 Tyr, Cu and Fe core |
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Term
| What residues does CuA/CuA have? |
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Definition
| 2 His, 2 Cys, CO (bb), 2 Cu |
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Term
| Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a major source of... |
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Definition
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Term
| Oxidative damage implicated in ___ as well as in ____ |
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Definition
| aging, a number of diseases |
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Term
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Definition
| O2 + e- -> O2*- (superoxide) + e- -> O2 2- (peroxide) |
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Term
| Which enzymes defend against oxidative damage? |
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Definition
| Superoxide dismutase and Catalase |
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Term
| Equation for action of superoxide dismutase |
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Definition
| 2O2*- + 2H+ <-> O2 + H2O2 |
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Term
| Equation for action of catalase |
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Definition
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Term
| A ____ powers the synthesis of ATP |
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Definition
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Term
NADH + 1/2 O2 + H+ <-> H2O + NAD+
delta G*' = ?? |
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Definition
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Term
ADP + Pi + H+ <-> ATP + H2O
delta G*' = ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Synthesis of ATP is driven by |
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Definition
| ATP synthase and proton motive force |
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Term
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Definition
| ATP synthesis and electron transport are coupled by a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
| ATP synthetase consists of... |
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Definition
a proton conducting unit (Fo)
a catalytic unit (ATP snythesizing unit, F1) |
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Term
| ___ residue at the midpoint of the transmembrane helix in the ATP-synthase proton conducting unit carries the proton. |
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Definition
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Term
| In ATP synthase, ____ is translated to mechanical motion |
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Definition
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Term
| If Fo contains __, then each proton would equate to __ degree rotation and ___ protons would be required to generate one ATP (__ rotation) |
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Definition
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Term
| Inner mitochondrial membrane impermeable to... |
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Definition
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Term
| Cytosolic NADH cannot directly participate in... |
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Definition
| mitochondrial respiration |
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Term
| The glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle results in only ___ ATP / __ NADH due to different chain entry point |
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Definition
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Term
| The malate-aspartate shuttle in the heart and liver is mediated by... |
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Definition
| two carriers and four enzymes |
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Term
| In the malate aspartate shuttle, there is ___ free energy (due to ___) |
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Definition
| no loss of free energy due to proton motive force |
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Term
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Definition
| an abundant inner mitochondrial membrane protein |
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Term
| ATP-ADP translocase transports ATP and ADP without.. |
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Definition
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Term
| Net reaction of ATP-ADP translocase? |
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Definition
| ADP3-(cytoplasm) + ATP4-(matrix) -> ADP3-(matrix) + ATP4-(cytoplasm) |
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Term
| A quarter of energy yield from the electron transport chain is used... |
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Definition
| to regenerate membrane potential |
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Term
| Which transporter transports malate and phosphate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which transporter transports citrate/H+ and malate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which transporter transports OH- and pyruvate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which transporter transports OH- and phosphate? |
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Definition
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Term
| About __ more molecules of ATP are formed per molecule of glucose oxidized when the malate-aspartate shuttle is used instead of the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle. |
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Definition
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Term
| Net yield of ATP from complete oxidation of glucose? |
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Definition
| 30 (or 32 if malate-aspartate shuttle is used) |
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Term
| Rate of O2 consumption ___ when mitochondria exposed to ADP |
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Definition
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Term
| Buildup of NADH, FADH2, and ATP or lack of ADP, etc. ____ flow of electrons |
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Definition
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Term
| Regulated uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ releases the proton gradient to heat |
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Definition
| Uncoupling protein (UCP-1 or thermogenin) |
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Term
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Definition
| hormones and release of fatty acids |
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Term
| Brown adipose tissue _____ and is _____ in obese individuals. |
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Definition
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Term
| DCCD (dicyclohexylcarbodiimide) and oligomycin... |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| transporting protons across the membrane |
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Term
| _____ and ____ inhibit ATP-ADP translocase |
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Definition
| Atractyloside and bongkrekic acid |
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