Term
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Definition
Change
Constancy
throughout the lifespan |
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Term
| Basic Issues in Development |
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Definition
1. Continuous or discontinuous?
2. One course of development or many?
3. Nature or nurture? |
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Term
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Definition
Prenatal-Conception to birth
Infancy and Toddlerhood-Birth to 2 years
Early Childhood-2 to 6 years
Middle Childhood-6 to 11 years
Adolescence-11 to 18 years
Early Adulthood-18 to 40 years
Middle Adulthood-40 to 65 years
Late Adulthood-65 years to death |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development |
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Term
| Philosophies of Childhood |
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Definition
1) Medieval: Contradictory beliefs about children's basic nature.
2) Puritan: Children as inherently evil and stubborn
-punitive approach to child-rearing
3) Locke: Tabula rasa
-children as blank slates shaped by experience
4) Rousseau: Noble savages
children as naturally healthy and moral |
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Term
| Freud's Three Parts of the Personality |
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Definition
1)ID-Largest portion of the mind, present at birth, unconscious, source of biological needs & desire.
2)EGO-Conscious, rational part of mind, emerges in early childhood and redirects ID accordingly
3)SUPEREGO-The conscience, develops from ages 3 to 6 from interactions with caregivers. |
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Term
| Freud's Psychosexual Stages |
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Definition
1) Oral
2) Anal
3) Phallic
4) Latency
5) Genital |
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Term
| Erikson's Psychosocial Stages |
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Definition
1) Basic trust v. mistrust -- Birth to 1 years
2) Autonomy v. shame and doubt -- 1-3 years
3) Initiative v. guilt - 3-6 years
4) Industry v. inferiority - 6-11 years
5) Identity v. role confusion - adolescence
6) Intimacy v. isolation - early adulthood
7) Generativity v. stagnation -middle adulthood
8) Ego integrity v. despair -late adulthood |
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Term
| Behaviorism & Social Learning |
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Definition
1)Classical Conditioning-Stimulus-Response
2)Operant Conditioning-Reinforces and Punishments
3)Social Learning-Modeling |
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Term
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Definition
More Cognitive
1)Sensorimotor (do figures work)
2)Preoperational (just beginning to do things, like lining up blocks)
3)Concrete Operational (standard functional level)
4)Formal Operational (1/3 to 1/2 people get to this stage--being able to assess the different dimensions of a problem--abstract problem solving) |
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Term
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Definition
Study of adaptive value of behavior and its evolutionary history
-Critical Period
Biologically prepared to acquire adaptive behaviors during limited time span and needs support of an appropriately stimulating environment E.g.: cat with hood during critical period, becomes blind
-Sensitive Period
Optimal for certain capacities to emerge. E.g.: learning a language, it's easier to learn earlier on. |
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Term
| Evolutionary Developmental Psychology |
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Definition
1)Seeks to understand adaptive value of human competencies (niches).
2)Studies cognitive, emotional and social competencies and change with age
3)Expands upon ethology. |
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Term
| Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory |
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Definition
1) Transmission of culture to a new generation. (Values, beliefs, customs, skills)
2) Social interaction necessary
-Cooperative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of society. |
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Term
| Developmental Research Designs |
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Definition
1) Longitudinal-Same group studied at different times
2) Cross-Sectional--Differing groups studied at the same time
3) Sequential--Several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies at varying times. |
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Term
Incomplete Dominance &
Polygenic Inheritance |
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Definition
1)Incomplete Dominance
-Both alleles of a single gene are expressed.
Results in
-combined trait or -intermediate between the two
2)Polygenic Inheritance
-Many genes combine to influence a trait |
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Term
| Genetic Imprinting and Mutation |
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Definition
1)Imprinting
Chemical marker that activates either father's or mother's gene, often temporary.
2)Mutation
-Sudden, permanent change in a DNA segment. |
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Term
| Chromosomal Abnormalities |
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Definition
1)Down Syndrome
-Problems with the 21st chromosome.
They have good adaptive skills. |
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