Term
How many people have diabetes (how many are treated and how many are misdiagnosed)? How many people have pre-diabetes? |
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Definition
Total of 21 million -15 Million diagnosed and treated -6 million undiagnosed 54 Million have pre-diabetes |
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Term
How much more insurance money (times more) is spent on diabetics per year than on non-diabetics? What is the yearly total? |
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Definition
Over Five times more! (13,000 compared to 2.5 grand) Total of 134 Billion in 2002 |
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Term
| Name the four categories (types) of diabetes and briefly explain each |
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Definition
1. Type I Diabetes Mellitus -Absolute deficiency of insulin -Autoimmune destruction of islet cells 10% 2. Type II Diabetes Mellitus -Comination of insulin resistance and deficiency in insulin excretion -Obesity and family history -90% 3. Gestational Diabetes -Diagnosed during 3rd trimester of pregnancy -increases chances of developing Type II (20-50%) 4. Other specific types -Genetic defects (beta cell function and insulin action) -Drug or chemical induced |
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Term
| What tissues are able to use glucose without the presence of insulin? |
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Definition
The CNS and renal cortex -Can be considered a safety measure for brain and kidneys |
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Term
| What percentage of beta cells in the pancreas need to be destroyed before hyperglycemia occurs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name three insulin dependent tissues |
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Definition
1. Muscle 2. Fat (Adipose) 3. Liver |
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Term
| Name the primary actions of insulin |
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Definition
1. Tranfers glucose from blood to target tissues 2. Transfers amino acids from blood to cells 3. Stimulate triglyceride synthesis form fatty acids 4. Inhibit breakdown of triglycerides for mobilization of Fatty acids |
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Term
| What are some symptoms of Hyperglycemia? |
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Definition
Polyuria (Frequent urination) Polydipsia (Frequent drinking because dehydrated) Polyphagia (continued eating) Susceptibility to infections Retinopathy Nephropathy Hypertension Neuropathy |
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Term
| When insulin is withdrawn from a T1 DM, what condition forms from breakdown of fats. |
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Definition
First ketosis (normal) and then eventually ketoacidosis (abnormal). FYI: Ketoacidosis is a type of metabolic acidosis cause by high concentrations of ketone bodies formed by the deamination of amino acids and the breakdown of fatty acids. Ketoacids lower blood pH. Pt's breath begins to smell like fruit or nail poish, this is due to acetone in the breath (by product from the breakdown of acetoacetic acid). KNOWLEDGE IS POWER! |
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Term
| What causes ketoacidosis and what are the signs and symptoms? |
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Definition
Diabetic using fat for fuel (no insulin). Can be caused by infection, surgery, or stress. Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, coma, acetone breath (smells like nail polish), and ketones present in urine. |
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Term
What is a Non-ketotic hyperosmolar coma and who usually gets it? (T1 or T2) |
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Definition
Happens in Type II diabetics Non-ketotic hyperosmolar coma is caused by profound dehydration due to osmotic diuresis. (So much glucose in the blood that is squeezes the water out through the kidneys into the urine) Plasma glucose around 1000 mg/dl (WOW!) Patients lose 10 L of water! Treat with IV saline drip and small does of insulin |
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Term
| Name three ways to diagnose diabetes |
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Definition
1. Random (casual) plasma glucose over 200 mg/dl 2. Fasting plasma glucose over 126 mg/dl 3. 2 hour post glucose load greater than 200 mg/dl |
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Term
| Which type of diabetes mellitus has the highest family history link? |
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Definition
Type II diabetes mellitus! Also caused by being a fatty (BMI over 25) |
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Term
| (T/F) You can use HbA1C to diagnose diabetes |
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Definition
False According to Dr. Treasure glycosylated hemoglobin isn't used to diagnose diabetes |
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Term
What is the HbA1c test? What is target range? |
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Definition
Measures average glycemia over preceeding 2-3 months. Target range is less than 7% FYI: In the normal 120-day life span of the red blood cell, glucose molecules join hemoglobin, forming glycated hemoglobin. In individuals with poorly controlled diabetes (hyperglycemia), increases in the quantities of these glycated hemoglobins are noted. SKIDUSH! |
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Term
| (T/F) Hyperglycemia impairs wound healing |
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Definition
True Dr. Treasure uses the level 250 mg/dl as the cut off, higher than that and the patient does not go into surgery |
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