Term
|
Definition
| The occurrence, in a community or region, of cases of an illness, specific health-related behaviour, or other health-related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An epidemic that is limited to a localized increase in incidence of a disease (e.g., in a village, town or closed institution); upsurge is sometimes used as a euphemism for outbreak |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When there is constant presence of [the disease] within a given geographic area or population group; the usual prevalence of a given disease within an area or group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An epidemic occurring worldwide, or over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries and usually affecting a large number of people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The WHO declaration of ____ occurs when the novel ____ virus is causing unusually high rates of morbidity and/or mortality in multiple, widespread geographic areas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An aggregation of relatively uncommon events or diseases (e.g., leukemia, multiple sclerosis…) in space and/or time in amounts that are believed or perceived to be greater than could be expected by chance |
|
|
Term
| Epidemiological triangle or triad |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A living being, human or animal, that allows the entry and subsistence of an agent (infectious or other) under natural conditions; in an epidemiological context, may be the group or population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The biological, social and behavioural characteristics of the host group that are relevant to health |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A factor, such as a microorganism, chemical substance or form of radiation, whose mere presence, excessive presence, or (in deficiency diseases) relative absence is essential for the occurrence of a disease |
|
|
Term
| Reservoir, transmission, susceptible |
|
Definition
| Transmission occurs when the agent leaves its ____ or host through a portal of exit, and is conveyed by some mode of ____, and enters through an appropriate portal of entry to infect a ____ host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The agent (pathogen [i.e., which can cause an illness]) that causes the disease or the outbreak |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The natural habitat of an infectious agent. Any person, animal, arthropod, plant, soil or substance, or combination of these in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies, on which it depends primarily for survival, and where it reproduces itself in such a manner that it can be transmitted to a susceptible host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mechanism by which an infectious agent is spread from source or reservoir to a susceptible host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transmission can be classified as ____ or ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When an agent is transferred from a reservoir to a susceptible host by direct contact or droplet spread |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When an agent from a reservoir to a host by suspended air particles, inanimate objects (vehicles), or animate intermediaries (vectors) |
|
|
Term
| Name at least 3 situations which may result in an outbreak |
|
Definition
- an increase in amount of the agent in a susceptible population
- an increase in the virulence of the agent
- the introduction of the agent into a setting where it has not been before
- an enhanced mode of transmission so that more susceptibles are exposed
- some change in the susceptibility of the host to the agent
- factors that increase host exposure or involve introduction through new portals of entry
|
|
|
Term
| Control & prevention, research, program review, and public, political, or legal concerns |
|
Definition
| Name at least 3 reasons to investigate an outbreak |
|
|
Term
| Etiological agent; source; tranmission |
|
Definition
| The balance between the investigation of an outbreak and the application of control measures depends on what is known on the ____ ____, its ____ and its method of ____. |
|
|
Term
| To control and prevent the occurrence of other cases |
|
Definition
| What is the primary goal of an outbreak investigation? |
|
|
Term
1.Determine if an outbreak exists
2.Confirm the diagnosis
3.Assemble the team
4.Define cases and start case finding
5.Implement immediate control measures (if possible)
6.Orient the data in terms of time, person, and place
7.Determine who is at risk of becoming ill
8.Generate hypothesis explaining exposure that caused the disease
9.Test the hypothesis by appropriate statistical methods and compare the hypothesis with the established facts
10.Define objectives for further research (if applicable)
11.Write report with recommendations
12.Debrief the team
13.Develop long term control and prevention measures |
|
Definition
| Name at least the first five (of thirteen) steps of outbreak investigation |
|
|
Term
| "Outbreak" does not generate as much anxiety among the public |
|
Definition
| What is the primary distinction between the terms "outbreak" and "epidemic"? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The systematic ongoing collection, collation, and analysis of data and the timely dissemination of information to those who need to know so that action can be taken |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Change in incidence of disease over a number of years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A significant deviation from usual frequency |
|
|
Term
| Diagnosis verification/confirmation of diagnosis |
|
Definition
| The object of this step is to eliminate an error in clinical diagnosis or in laboratory analysis, which could have been the cause for the increase in the reported cases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The interval between exposure to an infectious organism and the first appearance of symptoms of infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A set of uniform criteria (of inclusion and exclusion) used to decide whether an individual will be considered to have the disease of interest for the purpose of the investigation |
|
|
Term
| Clinical criteria, time, person, and place |
|
Definition
| Name the 4 elements of a case definition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Symptoms related to the clinical history and signs observed during the physical examination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A case whose symptoms appeared following exposure to the presumed source (within the minimum and maximum limits of the illness' known incubation period) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A case whose symptoms appeared after contact with a primary case (within the minimum and maximum limits of incubation) but without exposure to the presumed source |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A succinct notification aimed at drawing attention to an event that could potentially threaten public health |
|
|
Term
| The Canadian Network for Public Health Intelligence (CNPHI) |
|
Definition
| Allows local health authorities to disseminate public health alerts on enteric and respiratory diseases of interest across Canada |
|
|
Term
| List at least 3 immediate outbreak control measures |
|
Definition
- Implement control measures specific for the disease.
- Treat cases with recommended treatments.
- Prevent exposure (e.g. isolation of cases in respiratory outbreaks)
- Prevent infection (e.g. immunization in measles outbreaks)
- Emphasize personal hygiene, particularly hand washing
|
|
|
Term
- Pattern of spread
- Magnitude
- Outliers – unusual cases
- Time Trend
- Exposure and/or incubation period
|
|
Definition
| Name at least 3 items to look for in an outbreak epidemic curve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A common source outbreak in which the exposure period is relatively brief and all cases occur within one incubation period |
|
|
Term
| Propagated (person-to-person) source outbreak |
|
Definition
| Type of outbreak in which cases usually occur over a longer period than in common source outbreaks of the same disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cases that do not appear to be related to the outbreak |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Expresses the occurrence of a disease in a specific population at risk for a limited period of time, often due to a very specific exposure |
|
|
Term
| Number of new cases of a specified disease reported during an outbreak period divided by the population at risk at the start of the period |
|
Definition
| How is attack rate calculated? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Expresses spread of disease within a group |
|
|
Term
| Number of new cases of a specified disease among contacts of known cases divided by the population of contacts at risk |
|
Definition
| How is secondary attack rate calculated? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The hypothesis should address the ____ of the agent, the ____ (and vehicle or vector) of transmission, and the ____ that caused the disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Descriptive studies ____ hypotheses, while analytic studies ____ them. |
|
|
Term
| To gather further information to support or reject the hypothesis |
|
Definition
| What is the purpose of the analytic study? |
|
|
