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Other Topics EXAM 3
Other Topics EXAM 3 - Weddington
22
Pharmacology
Graduate
04/24/2012

Additional Pharmacology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
prevention of medical errors
Definition
keeping informed of medical knowledge

medical literature review, CE programs, communication with other healthcare professionals

share information, welcome input from colleagues, be involved in staff development and education

carefully perform and double check calculations to ensure correctness

consult literature, references, and colleagues when unsure of a prescription, preparation, or administration of a drug product or pediatric treatment requirements

ensure all pertinent patient information is available and current so appropriateness of therapy can be evaluated

focus! avoid distractions and interruptions
Term
reasons for noncompliance
Definition
child is sick

denial

frequency

taking medicine at school

side effects

taste

lack of parent support

lack of education
Term
frequency
Definition
every 8 hours vs. TID

try to avoid school hours

BID dosing is most preferred

helpful reminders:
medication schedule
pill boxes
electronic alarms
Term
dosing
Definition
be able to calculate amount in mL

Amoxil 250 mg/5mL
dosed at 90mg/kg in 2 divided doses
child weights 25 kg
how many mL/dose should the child take?
22.5mL

use higher concentration to decrease volume
Term
adverse reactions
Definition
counsel on:
MAIN side effects
what to do if it occurs
at what point to stop giving the medication

examples:

antibiotics - diarrhea, photosensitivity

antiepileptics - paradoxical reactions, rash

pain medications - constipation
Term
formulations

oral liquids
Definition
shake well!

advantages:
dose can be patient specific
good for young patients

disadvantages:
difficult to measure
difficult to administer
poor palatability
stability
Term
formulations

chewable tablets
Definition
consider for children > or equal to 2 years of age

advantages:
palatability
easier to administer
no stability issues
no measuring necessary
portability

disadvantages:
not as patient specific
Term
formulations

tablets or capsules
Definition
consider for children 12 years of age and older

choking hazard for those that can't adequately take pills

administer while child is sitting up

may be able to crush tablet or open up the contents of the capsule
Term
administration of liquids
Definition
may need assistance

position the child so it is easy to administer

if right handed, hold the child in left arm

hold the child's left arm with your left hand

put the child's right arm under your left arm and behind your back

tilt the child's head back slightly

place the medicine in the back corner of the mouth, between the gum and cheek

administer little amounts at a time

choose the appropriate device
Term
syringes
Definition
good for young children that can't drink from a cup

allows for correct administration to the back of the child's mouth

allows parent to pre-measure and cap doses for school, caregivers, babysitter, etc.

comes in different sizes

educate parent on proper use

instructions:
prefer giving an adapter with bottle to draw up doses

if no adapter included, pour medicine into a cup and draw up

rinse syringe with warm water when finished
Term
droppers
Definition
also good for children that can't drink from a cup

also allows for correct administration to the back of the child's mouth

some medications include their own dropper

do not use a dropper from a different medication

instructions:
be sure to measure the dropper at eye level
rinse dropper with warm water when finished
Term
medicine spoon
Definition
good for older children that can drink from a cup but may still spill it

gives child ability to "take the medicine themselves"

do not use a kitchen spoon for measuring medications
may overdose or underdose child

instructions:
hold spoon upright so markings are legible
fill spoon with medicine to appropriate marking
tilt the spoon in the child's mouth slowly
Term
medicine cup
Definition
good for older children that are coordinated

best for larger volumes of medicine
markings are not defined enough for infants

some medications include their own cup

do not use a cup from a different medication or a regular drinking cup

instructions:
place cup on a flat surface at eye level
pour medication to the appropriate marking
be sure to double check the amount carefully
Term
volume measures: < 1 mL

which device should be used?
Definition
dropper

1 mL syringe
Term
volume measures: 1-5 mL

which device should be used?
Definition
1-5 mL syringe

medicine spoon
Term
volume measured: >5 mL

which device should be used?
Definition
10-20 mL syringe

medicine spoon

medicine cup
Term
other devices
Definition
adding medication to bottle or feeds
stability issues and don't know if they will eat/drink the entire amount

the medicator pacifier
Term
missed doses
Definition
what if I forget to give the child his dose?
counseling is the same for when an adult misses a dose
if it is close to the next dose, do not double dose
if it is not close to the next dose, may administer a dose when you remember

what is my child spits out the dose?
if it has been within 15 minutes of giving the medication, may redose the child
if it has been longer than 15 minutes of giving the medication, do not redose the child
child is considered to have absorbed some of the medication
Term
flavoring
Definition
younger infants don't like the idea of taking a medication that is distasteful

toddlers and older children don't want to take medicines if they don't taste good
choose good tasting medications for these children
if you don't have an option to get antibiotic that tastes better, consider getting the medication flavored

FLAVORx
cherry, root beer, chocolate, apple, watermelon, etc.
children prefer sweet tastes

good tasting:
amoxil
omnicef
cefzil
zithromax
lorabid
orapred

bad tasting:
ceftin
vantin
augmentin
bactrim
biaxin
clindamycin (texture)
prednisolone
iron

flavoring and masking tricks:
refrigerate medications
offer a chaser (milk, chocolate)
pre medication wash (popsicles, chocolate)
mix with food or bottle
Term
other helpful tips
Definition
give autonomy to children and adolescents

young children - allow then to choose their own flavor

adolescents - include in medication decisions, counsel to adolescents and parents

use positive reinforcement

make medication a part of the daily routine
Term
poison prevention
Definition
do not tell children medication is candy or tastes like candy

be sure to instruct parents to store medication out of child's reach

use appropriate child resistant bottles and vials

when discarding medications, mix with something that is not appealing to children (coffee grounds)
Term
pediatric references
Definition
Pediatric Dosage Handbook - drug monographs, formulations, dosing, MOA, kinetics

Neofax - same thing but for dosing in neonates; nutritional references

Micromedex

Harriet Lane Handbook - disease states with treatment

Pediatric Drug Formulations

Teddy Bear Book - drug monographs for injectable drugs

Red Book: Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases - infectious disease book
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