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| Egyptian Pharaoh was monotheist. Proclaimed Aten(the solar disk) as the only god. |
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| Found in 1887. The letters are part of the official court archives apparently brouggt from Thebes to the new capital. They reveal that palestine was organized into administrative districts with resident commissioners in garrison towns such as Gaza |
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| Reclaimed much of the Egyptian land that had been taken by the Hittites. In his concluding years he spent much of his time on building projects. |
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| Conquered across Asia Minor, Palestine, and Egypt. Merneptah defeated them. |
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| Why is Merneptah's hymn of victory significant to biblical history? |
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| Contains the first extrabiblical mention of Israel: "Israel is laid waste but her seed is not" |
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| Describe the city-state of Ugarit and its importance |
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| Outstanding texts from this period are tablets from Ugarit. These texts are alphabetic, written in Cuneform script. Preserved a rich religious and epic literature whose contexts indicate many parallels with Israelite culture and institutions. |
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| What evidence supports a 13th century date for the exodus? |
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Definition
1. In the Israel stele Merneptah claims to have subdued several entities in Canaan, including Israel, in his 5th yr ca. 1209. Exodus must have taken place earlier.
2. According to Ex. 1:11, Israelite slaves built store cities of Pithmoth and Rameses. This must have taken place after their ascension to the throne ca. 1300
3. Contemporary Egyptian documents provide historical parallels. Texts from the time of Merneptah and Rameses II illustrate the use of Seminites as slaves. |
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| Another name for the red sea |
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| Normal route from Egypt to Canaan |
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English- The way out
Hebrew- These are the names of |
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| Exodus centers on which two divine acts in Israel's history |
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| God mightily delivered his people form slavery and then entered into covenant with them. |
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Geographical Location
In Egypt (1-12)
To Sinai (13-18)
At Sinai (19-40)
Israel’s Condition
Slavery (1-12)
Deliverance (13-18)
Covenant (19-40) |
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The Theme of Exodus is also the Primary Theme of Scripture:
The Deliverance of Humanity
Physical Deliverance from Slavery
Spiritual Deliverance from Slavery to Sin |
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| A New King over Egypt (1:8) He sees Israel’s large population as a Threat (1:9-10) Israelites may join Egypt’s enemies They may escape from the land |
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Definition
Plan One: Enslavement (1:11)
Plan Two: “Kill Hebrew Baby Boys” (1:15-16)
Genocide: “The destruction of a racial group”
Plan Two-B: “Throw HBB into the Nile” (1:22)
Irony: “Incongruity between the outcome of events and the expected results” |
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Definition
Tribal Background
Father and Mother from Tribe of Levi
Levi becomes the Tribe of the Priesthood
Exodus 6:20
Father: Amram
Mother: Jochebed
Aunt and Nephew |
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| Three “Arks” in the Bible |
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Definition
The Ark of Noah
The Ark of Moses
The Ark of the Covenant |
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| Moses in the House of Pharaoh |
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Definition
Rescued from the Nile
Moses’ Mother Hired as a Wet-Nurse
Paid to do what she would gladly do for free
Babies weaned at age three
Adopted by Pharaoh’s Daughter
Named “Moses” (Hebrew or Egyptian?)
Pharaonic School |
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Definition
Three Formative Events
Kills Egyptian (2:11-12)
Arbitrates Fight (2:13-15)
Rescues Shepherd Girls (2:16-17)
Demonstrates Compassion for the Oppressed |
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Definition
His Identity (3:6)
“I am the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob”
His Awareness (3:7)
“I have seen the affliction of Israel”
His Deliverance (3:8-10)
“I will send you to Pharaoh” |
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| Moses Objects to God’s Call: 1. “Who am I?” |
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Definition
Moses Thinks he is Unqualified
An Expression of Modesty?
Moses Doesn’t Trust God—Unfaith
God’s Response
“I will be with you” |
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| Moses Objects to God’s Call: 2. “I don’t know your Name” |
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Definition
Name = Character, Reputation, Nature
God’s Response: “I am who I am”
Heb: ‘ehyeh ‘asher ‘ehyeh hyha rva hyha
Does God’s Answer Reveal or Conceal?
An Element of Mystery
God’s Response: “I am who I am”
Related to the Tetragrammaton (“4 letter word”)
YHWH hwhy Pronounced “Yahweh”
Probably means “He is”
Considered too Holy to speak by later Jews
They substituted ‘Adonay ynwda “LORD”
God’s Name and Character
A Living God
Eternal
Unchangeable
Self-Determining
Personal |
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| Moses Objects to God’s Call: 3. “They won’t believe me” |
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Definition
Three Signs to Foster Belief
Rod ⇒ Snake
Hand ⇒ Skin Disease
Water from Nile ⇒ Blood |
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| Moses Objects to God’s Call: 4. “I’m not Eloquent” |
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Definition
Moses flunked COM 150
A Speech Impediment?
God’s Response
I Created your Mouth
I will be with your Mouth |
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Term
| Why Did God Send the Plagues? |
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Definition
Common Theme:
This has happened so that you may know Yahweh
Who is “You”?
Singular and Plural
Pharaoh and the Egyptians
Israelites
What Does it Mean to “Know” God?
Factual Knowledge
Relational Knowledge
Two Reasons for the Plagues
To Convince Pharaoh to Let Israel Go
To Restore his Relationship with Israel |
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Definition
1. Water to Blood
2. Frogs
3. Gnats or Lice
4. Flies
5. Cattle Disease
6. Boils
7. Hail
8. Locusts
9. Darkness
10. Death of Firstborn |
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Term
| The Tenth Plague: The Passover |
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Definition
The Climactic Plague
The Sacrificial Lamb
Blood on the Doorposts and Lintel
Unleavened Bread
The Death Angel in Egypt |
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Term
| The Passover and the Cross |
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Definition
A Lamb without Blemish
Killed at Sundown
No Broken Bones |
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Definition
The Early Date
Based primarily on 1 Kings 6:1
Solomon’s 4th Year ca. 960 B.C.
960 + 480 = ca. 1440 B.C.
The Late Date
Based on Exodus 1:11 and Archaeology
ca. 1280 B.C. |
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| Theophany at Sinai/Outline of the Covenant |
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Definition
| God speaks to Moses (19:4-6) Conditional Sentence Protasis: If you Obey my voice Keep my covenant Apodosis: Then you will be My Treasured Possession (segullah hlgs) A Kingdom of Priests A Holy Nation |
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| Ancient Near Eastern Treaties |
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Definition
Parity Treaty
Between Equal Parties
Equal Obligations and Benefits
Suzerain-Vassal Treaty
Imposed by Strong Nation on Weak Nation
Unequal Obligations and Benefits |
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Term
| Elements of Suzerain-Vassal Treaty |
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Definition
Preamble: Suzerain identifies himself
Historical Prologue: Past relations between Suzerain and Vassal
Stipulations: Do’s and Don’ts of Treaty
Deposit and Reading: Put in Archives, read publicly
Curses and Blessings: Cursed if you disobey, Blessed if you obey |
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Term
| The Decalogue: Ten Commandments |
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Definition
Forms of Old Testament Law
Apodictic (Non-Conditional)
Casuistic (Conditional)
Two Themes
Laws 1-4: Relationship to God
Laws 5-10: Relationship to Neighbor |
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“You shall have no other gods before me.”
(Ex. 20:3)
Worship of other gods prohibited
Yahweh demonstrated his absolute supremacy over Egyptian pantheon during plagues |
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“You shall not make for yourself a graven image” (Ex. 20:4-6)
God is Spirit. Nothing material can truly represent him.
St. Augustine on Idolatry:
“Idolatry is worshipping anything that ought to be used, or using anything that is meant to be worshipped” |
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Definition
“You shall not take the name of the LORD your God in vain” (Ex. 20:7)
Literally: “Do not lift up God’s name to worthlessness”
Name = Character, Nature, Reputation
Anything we say or do to make God seem devoid of meaning |
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Definition
“Remember the sabbath day to keep it holy” (Ex. 20:8-11)
The Sabbath day (Heb. shabbath)
From verb, shabat tbv, “to cease”
A time of cessation from normal activities
“Keep it holy”
Time set apart for God |
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Definition
Honor your father and your mother” (Ex. 20:12)
Transitional Commandment
“Honor” or “Obey”?
To honor may be more difficult than mere obedience
Maintains family structures |
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Definition
“You shall not murder” (Ex. 20:13)
Hebrew rasah xcr
Definition of murder:
“the crime of unlawfully killing a human being with malice aforethought”
Three Elements:
Killing a human being
Unlawfully
With Malice |
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Definition
You shall not commit adultery” (Ex. 20:14)
Definition:
Consensual sexual intercourse between a married person and someone other than his/her spouse
Violates the sanctity of marriage
A symbol of unfaithfulness to God |
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Definition
“You shall not steal” (Ex. 20:15)
Violates the right of possession |
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Definition
You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor” (Ex. 20:16)
Original Setting in the Law Court
Anti-perjury Command
God’s people should represent the truth |
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Definition
“You shall not covet” (Ex. 20:17)
Commandments 1-9 are subject to external verification
In the Tenth Commandment God presumes to legislate internal motivations
Jesus expands this movement in the Sermon on the Mount |
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Term
| Purpose of the Commandments |
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Definition
Covenant establishes a new Relationship between God and Israel
Commandments serve to regulate community life within the Covenant
People often make the Commandments more important than the Covenant |
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Definition
Primary Theme: Conquest of Land of Canaan God’s 2nd Promise to Abraham Fulfilled
Secondary Theme: Obedience brings Success Disobedience brings Failure
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Definition
Numbers 13:8
Originally named Hoshea, “He saves”
Moses changed it to Joshua (13:16)
Joshua Yehoshua’ [vwhy
“The LORD saves”
LXX Iesous Ihsouj |
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Term
| Outline of the Book of Joshua |
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Definition
Invasion & Conquest of Canaan
(chapters 1-12)
Division and Settlement
(chapters 13-22)
Valediction and Covenant
(chapters 23-24) |
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Term
| Joshua’s Commission (Ch. 1) |
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Definition
Moses is Dead
God’s Command: “Cross this Jordan”
God’s Promise: “I will be with you”
God’s Exhortation:
Obey the Law
You will have success |
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Term
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Definition
Crossing the Jordan River (Chs. 3-4)
Circumcision and Passover (Ch. 5)
Defeat of Jericho (Ch. 6)
Ai and the Sin of Achan (Chs. 7-8)
Central Campaign (Ch. 9)
Defeat of Southern Kings (Ch. 10)
Defeat of Northern Kings (Ch. 11) |
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Term
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Definition
Herem Command is not Historical
Conquest lasted hundreds of years
Progressive Revelation Explanation
God reveals more and more of his nature and will throughout Scripture
Israelites not ready for the Golden Rule
Herem can reflect God’s will and nature |
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Term
| The Basic Concept of Herem |
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Definition
“The exclusion of an object from the use or abuse of man and its irrevocable surrender to God”
Something that is offensive to God and potentially dangerous to his people
Something herem must be destroyed |
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Term
| The Nature of Canaanite Religion |
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Definition
A Fertility Religion
Worshipped Forces of Nature
Primary Goal: Reproduction
Crops, Animals, Humans
Major Deities
Baal—Male Fertility god
Anat—Female Fertility goddess
Canaanite Worldview
Sacred Prostitution
Human actions influence the gods
Baal and Anat engage in sexual union
Result is fertility in nature
Child Sacrifice |
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Term
| Rationale for Herem Command |
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Definition
The Nature of God
Yahweh is Holy
A God of Justice as well as Mercy
Canaanite Religion denies God’s Nature
God does not create sexually; No Mrs. God
God cannot be manipulated
The Situation
Canaanite Religion a threat to Israel
Israelites easily seduced by it
Herem Command protected Israel
For the situation
Never commanded after 1 Sam. 15 |
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Definition
Hebrew: shophet jpv
More than Chief Official of Law Court, Judges were Leaders, Deliverers
Charismatic: Empowered by Spirit of Yahweh for Service |
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| Charismatic Leaders in O.T. |
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Definition
Four Types of Charismatic Leaders
Judges
Priests
Kings
Prophets |
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Definition
Israel did not fulfill Herem Command
Many Canaanites remained in the Land
Judges 1:27-36 lists these areas
After Joshua’s death Israelites abandoned Yahweh, worshipped Baal (Judges 2:6-15)
God handed them to their enemies |
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Term
| Cycle of Apostasy in Judges |
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Definition
Israel does evil (3:7)
God sends oppressor (3:8)
Israel cries out to God (3:9a)
God raises up a deliverer (3:9b)
Judge defeats oppressor (3:10)
Land has rest (3:11) |
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Definition
Tribe of Benjamin
Left-handed
Oppressor is Moab
Ruled by King Eglon
Ehud Delivers Israel |
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Definition
Only Female Judge
Also a female prophet (4:4)
Oppressor Canaanite king Jabin of Hazor
Military General: Sisera |
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Definition
Tribe of Manasseh
Oppressors are Midianites
Gideon’s Fleece
Reduction of Israelite Army
Defeat of Midian
Unusual Weapons: Trumpets, Pitchers, Torches |
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Tribe of Dan
Oppressors are Philistines
An Anti-hero
Samson’s Death |
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Definition
The Value of Ruth
A Literary Gem
Goethe: “The most beautiful book in the Old Testament”
Place in the Hebrew Canon
In the Writings
One of the Five Megilloth (“Festival Scrolls”) |
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Term
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Definition
Introduction: Plight in Moab (1:1-5)
I. Return to Bethlehem (1:6-22)
II. Gleaning in the Field (2:1-23)
III. Threshing Floor Incident (3:1-18)
IV. Transaction at the Gate (4:1-12)
Conclusion: Marriage, Birth, Genealogy (4:13-22) |
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Definition
| Joshua, Judges, 1st & 2nd Samuel, 1st & 2nd Kings |
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