• origin- ant. sup. iliac spine
• insertion- proximal medial tibia (pes anserinus)
• nerve- femoral N.
• action- flex, ext. rot. hip 

• origin- ant. inf. iliac spine and sup. acetabular rim
• insertion- patella and tibial tubercle
• innervation- femoral N.
• action- flex at hip; extend at knee

• origin- greater tronchanter of femur; lat. linea aspera
• insertion- lateral patella/tibia tubercle
• innervation- femoral
• action- extend at knee 

• origin- prox. femoral shaft
• insertion- patella/tibia turbercle
• innervation- femoral N.
• action- extend at knee 

• origin- intertronchanteric line; med. linea aspera
• insertion- medial patella/tibial tubercle
• innervation- femoral N.
• action- extend at knee 

• origin- ischiopubic rami; obturator membrane
• insertion- piriformis fossa
• innervation- obturator N.
• action- ext. rot. at hip

• origin- body of pubis (inf)
• insertion- linea aspera (mid 1/3)
• innervation- obturator N.
• action- adduct at hip 

• origin- body and inf. pubic ramus
• insertion- pectineal line, linea aspera
• innervation- obturator N.
• action- adduct at hip 

• origin
• adductor part- pubic ramus
• hamstring part- ischial tuberosity
• insertion- linea aspera, adductor tubercle
• innervation
• adductor part- obturator N.
• hamstring part- sciatic N.
• action- adduct, flex, extend at hip 

• origin- body and inf. pubic ramus
• insertion- prox. med. tibia (pes anserinus)
• innervation- obturator N.
• action- adduct at hip; flex, int. rot. at knee 

• origin- pectineal line of pubis
• insertion- pectineal line of femur 
• innervation- femoral N., obturator N.
• action- flex, adduct at hip

• origin- ischial tuberosity
• insertion- prox med tibia (pes anserinus)
• innervation- tibial part of sciatic N.
• action- extend at hip; flex at leg 

• origin- ischial tuberosity
• insertion- post. med. tibial condyle
• innervation- tibial part of sciatic nerve
• action- extend at hip, flex at knee 

• origin- ischial tuberosity
• insertion- head of fibula
• innervation- tibial part of sciatic N.
• action- extend at hip, flex at knee 

• origin- linea aspera, supracondylar line
• insertion- fibula, lat. tibia
• innervation- peroneal portion of sciatic N.
• action- extend at hip, flex at knee 

• dislocation (esp. post.)
• NV injury
• sciatic N (potential foot drop)
• femoral N (esp. ant. lat. approach)
• obturator A/V
• ext iliac A/V
• medial femoral circumflex A. (esp. post. approach directly under quadraceps femoris)
• heterotopic ossification
• loosening (secondary to osteolysis)

• absolute
• neuropathic pain
• infection
• medically unstable patients
• relative- young, active patients (wear down prosthesis)

supplies greater trochanter 

• mechanism of injury- direct impact to greater trochanteric area
• tx- EARLY ORIF (within 48 hrs)
• complications
• loss of fixation (usually from varus collapse of prox fragment)
• nonunion
• malrotation deformity (from internal rotation of distal fragment at time of internal fixation)
• osteonecrosis of femoral head (rare)
• traumatic lacertaion of superficial femoral A.

• mechanism of injury
• fall onto greater troch (valgus impaction)
• forced external rotation of lower extremity impinges osteoporotic neck onto post. lip of acetabulum
• complications
• nonunion
• osteonecrosis
• failure of fixatoin (ORIF)
• dislocation (esp. post.)

• nonoperative- minimal pain, extreme risk of surgery, demented nonambulators
• operative- most commonly used
• nondisplaced- three cancellous screws
• displaced
• young- ORIF
• old- THA or hemiarthroplasty
• must reduced before any surgery
• hip flexion with gentle traction and external rotation
• follow by slow extension and int. rot.

• tendons of the gracilis, sartorius, and semitendinosus
• cover the MCL

• iliopsoas
• rectus femoris
• sartorius

• gluteus maximus
• hamstrings
  • semiteninosus
  • semimembranosus
  • long head of biceps femoris

• gluteus medius and minimus
• TFL (when hip flexed)

• adductor brevis
• adductor longus
• adductor magnus
• pectineus 
• gracilis

• obturator internus
• obturator externus
• superior and inferior gemelli
• quadratus femoris
• piriformis

• semimembranous
• semitendinosus
• pectineus
• posterior part of adductor magnus
• anterior fibers of gluteus medius and minimus
• TFL