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Orthopedics
surgical technology lecture
103
Health Care
Not Applicable
12/12/2009

Additional Health Care Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What are the 5 classifications of bones?
Definition
  1. long bones
  2. short bones
  3. sesamoid bones
  4. flat bones
  5. irregular bones
Term
How many bones in the human body?
Definition
206
Term
What do you call the shaft of a long bone?
Definition
Diaphysis
Term
What do you call the ends of a long bone?
Definition
Epiphysis
Term
What is the periosteum?
Definition
the external layer of bone
Term
What are the 2 types of bone tissue?
Definition
  1. cancellous bone
  2. compact bone
Term
The clavicle and femur are examples of _________ bones.
Definition
long
Term
The bones of the hands and feet are examples of _______ bones.
Definition
short
Term
The patella is an example of a ________ bone.
Definition
sesamoid
Term
The ribs are examples of _______ bones.
Definition
flat
Term
The vertebrae and skull bones are examples of _________ bones.
Definition
irregular
Term

What type of bone landmark is this?

[image]

Definition

Crest

 

(Iliac Crest)

Term
What do you call a ridge of bone?
Definition
crest
Term
What do you call a knuckle-shaped portion of a bone? (associated with a joint)
Definition
a condyle
Term
What is a cavity within a bone?
Definition
a sinus
Term
What is a groove in a bone?
Definition
a sulcus
Term
  1. What is a tubercle?
  2. What is a tuberosity?
Definition
  1. a small, rounded projection
  2. a large, rounded projection
Term
What is a foramen?
Definition
a rounded orifice in a bone for the passage of blood vessels and nerves
Term
What is striated muscle and what is another name for it?
Definition
muscle that is under voluntary control (such as to move a leg); AKA - skeletal muscle
Term
What is smooth muscle?
Definition
muscle that is involuntary (such as the muscles found in internal organs)
Term
What is different about cardiac muscle?
Definition
It is striated, but is involuntary.
Term
How are joints classified?
Definition
  1. synarthrosis (no movement)
  2. amphiarthrosis (slight movement)
  3. diarthrosis (moves freely)
Term
What are the 4 types of joint movements?
Definition
  1. gliding
  2. angular
  3. rotation
  4. circumduction
Term
What is the difference between a synovial joint and a nonsynovial joint?
Definition

Synovial joints move freely and contain synovial fluid.

Nonsynovial joints are immovable or have limited movement.

Term

What kind of diagnostic test is used to determine the cause of unexplained joint pain?

(it involves placing a needle into the joint and placing contrast into the joint space to be x-rayed)

Definition
Arthrography
Term
What is an EMG and what does it do?
Definition
Electromyography

It records and analyzes the electrical activity in the muscle
Term
What is another name for an orthopedic table?
Definition
A fracture table
Term
How long can a pneumatic tourniquet be left on a limb?
Definition
1 hour for an upper extremity and 1.5-2 hours for a lower extremity
Term
How long does a pneumatic tourniquet need to be deflated before being used for a second time on a patient?
Definition
5-10 minutes
Term
What is used to remove blood from a limb prior to cuff inflation?
Definition
Esmarch bandage and gravity
Term
What kind of air powers an air-powered rotary drill?
Definition
Nitrogen
Term
What do you need to have ready when a rotary drill is being used?
Definition
A bulb syringe with saline
Term
What do you call a saw that cuts from side to side?
Definition
Oscillating or Sagittal
Term
What do you call a saw that cuts in and out?
Definition
Reciprocating
Term
What is a pulse lavage?
Definition
suction irrigator
Term
What is compartment syndrome?
Definition
a condition of increased resting pressure in a contained compartment
Term
What happens when a patient is diagnosed with compartment syndrome?
Definition
It requires immediate surgery (a fasciotomy) to the specific compartment
Term
Describe a simple fracture.
Definition
a fracture in which there is a single fracture line
(requires a closed reduction and cast or splint)
Term
Describe a comminuted fracture.
Definition
A fracture that consists of multiple bone fragments and fracture lines.
(requires or ORIF or external fixation)
Term
Describe an open (or compound) fracture.
Definition
A fracture in which the bone fragments protrude through the skin.
(can require ORIF, debridement, skin grafts, and delayed closure)
Term
Describe a greenstick fracture.
Definition
Primarily pediatric fractures where the bones are resilient and covered with a durable, tough periosteum. The bones bend rather than break.
(requires ORIF or closed reduction and casting)
Term
Describe a pathologic fracture.
Definition
A fracture caused by disease.
(requires ORIF or IM rodding)
Term
Describe an impacted fracture.
Definition
A fracture caused by violent impact along the longitudinal axis of a bone.
(requires an ORIF)
Term
Describe a spiral fracture.
Definition
A fracture that results from the twisting or torquing of a bone.
(requires an ORIF)
Term
What kind of fracture is an emergency?
Definition
a compound fracture
Term
What do you call "externally placing a bone in its anatomical position"?
Definition
a closed reduction (CR)
Term
What is an ORIF?
Definition
open reduction internal fixation
Term
What are the 3 types of traction?
Definition
  • skeletal
  • skin
  • manual
Term
What is traction?
Definition
pulling on a fractured bone is overcome muscle spasms
Term
What is the difference between a closed reduction and a closed reduction external fixation?
Definition
A bone is simply put in place with a closed reduction, and it is held in place with pins and screws in a external fixation.
Term
What would be inserted across two small bone fragments, such as those of the hand or ankle?
Definition
pins and bolts
Term
How are nails and rods used?
Definition
to span the longitudinal axis of the humerus, femur, or tibial shaft
Term
What 2 materials are nails and rods made of?
Definition
  • titanium
  • stainless steel
Term
What does IM (nailing) stand for?
Definition
intermedullary
Term
What are used to span the surface of two large bone fragments?
Definition
plates and screws
Term
What are the 2 types of screws?
Definition
  • cortical
  • cancellous
Term
What is the size difference between the drill bit and the screw that will be used?
Definition
The drill bit needs to be one size smaller than the screw diameter.
Term
Describe the 7 steps of an ORIF.
Definition
  1. skin incision is made over fracture
  2. fracture is reduced
  3. surgeon picks appropriate plate
  4. a hole is drilled with a drill guide
  5. hole is measured with a depth gauge is determine screw length
  6. hole is tapped
  7. hardware is inserted
Term
In whom are pelvic fractures most common?
Definition
males (5:1 ratio)
Term
What is the major cause of pelvic fractures?
Definition

car accidents

 

Term
What joint is more likely to be injured than an other part of the body?
Definition
the knee
Term
What is the first thing that is checked when doing a knee arthroscopy?
Definition
the meniscus
Term
What does ACL stand for?
Definition
anterior cruciate ligament
Term
In whom are ACL tears more common?
Definition
females
Term
What are the 3 parts of the total knee hardware?
Definition
  1.  the femoral component
  2. the spacer
  3. the tibial component
Term
What subcutaneous suture is used for a total knee replacement?
Definition
an 0' PDS or Vicryl
Term
How many bones are in the foot?
Definition
26
Term
What 3 bones form the ankle joint?
Definition
  1. ankle bone
  2. distal tibia
  3. fibula
Term
Where are the 2 incisions made for an ankle arthroscopy?
Definition
  1. anteromedial (for cannula and scope)
  2. anterolateral (for port and instruments)
Term
What surgery replaces the ankle joint?
Definition
A total ankle arthroplasty
Term
What was used to treat ankle osteoarthritis before arthroplasty came along?
Definition
Ankle joint fusion
Term
What is the failure rate of a total ankle arthroplasty?
Definition
20% - 30%
Term
What do you call the surgical repair of a tendon?
Definition
tenorrhaphy
Term

What are the 2 types of tenorrhaphies?

And which is the most common?

Definition
  1. Z-plasty (most common)
  2. U-plasty
Term
What is the largest tendon in the body?
Definition
Achilles Tendon
Term
What position is a patient in to have an achilles tendon repair?
Definition
prone
Term

What type of instrument is this?

 

[image]

Definition
tendon puller
Term
What type of suture would be used to repair a torn achilles tendon?
Definition
0' or 2-0 Ethibond
Term
What is used when a ruptured achilles tendon cannot be sutured back together?
Definition
an allograft
Term
What are the 3 things that done during a bunionectomy?
Definition
  1. bunion is removed
  2. toe is realigned
  3. muscles and joint are balanced
Term
What is the medical term for a bunion?
Definition

Hallux valgus

 

(hallux means "big toe" and valgus means "away from midline")

Term
What is a hammertoe?
Definition
a condition in which a toe has contracted at the PIP joint (middle joint in toe)
Term
What is a triple arthrodesis?
Definition
fusion of the subtalar, calcaneocubiod, and talonavicular joints
Term
What is the purpose of a triple arthrodesis?
Definition
reduce pain due to forefoot or hindfoot
Term
What 3 bones make up the shoulder joint?
Definition
  1. clavicle
  2. scapula
  3. humerus
Term
What are the 4 joints in the shoulder?
Definition
  1. Glenohumeral joint (main joint)
  2. Acromioclavicular joint
  3. Sternoclavicular joint
  4. Scapulothoracic joint
Term
What 4 muscles are involved in the movement of the rotator cuff?
Definition
  1. supraspinatus
  2. infraspinatus
  3. subscapularis
  4. teres minor
Term
What position is a patient in for a shoulder arthroscopy?
Definition
beach chair position with the torso raised to 70 degrees
Term
What are the 3 types of rotator cuff repairs?
Definition
  1. arthroscopic
  2. mini-open
  3. open
Term
What is the main disadvantage to having a total shoulder repair?
Definition
recovery is very difficult
Term
What kind of joint is in the hip?
Definition
a ball and socket joint
Term
What is removed during a total hip?
Definition
the femoral head
Term
What 3 bones are involved in a total hip repair?
Definition
  1. pelvis
  2. acetabulum
  3. femur
Term
How many bones are in the hand?
Definition
27
Term
What is the medical term for the front of your hand?
Definition
palmar side
Term
What is the medical term for the back of your hand?
Definition
the dorsal side
Term
What 3 nerves run into the hand?
Definition
  1. median
  2. ulnar
  3. radial
Term
What is a Dupuytren's contracture?
Definition
a condition in which the fascia of the palm or fingers contracts
Term
What is an MCP joint arthroplasty?
Definition
repair of the metacarpophalangeal joints in the hand
Term
What is a BKA?
Definition
below the knee amputation
Term
What is an AKA?
Definition
above the knee amputation
Term
Concerning the patient, what is extremely important to remember during an amputation?
Definition
not to let the patient see the removed limb
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