Term
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Definition
| Form (Streamlined), Physiological (Cardiovascular system), Weight reduction (Feathers, organs, beak, skeleton). |
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Term
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Definition
| Fused bones in wings and feet, hollow bones, enlarged sternum, fused pelvic bones. |
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Term
| Bird Cadiovascular System |
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Definition
| High heart rate, 100% oxygen use. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stiff vertebral column and stiff rib cage to aid in flight. |
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Term
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Definition
| Three digits, fused carpometacarpus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fused tarsometatarsus, four digits. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pectoralis, and supracoracoideus. Red/darkmeat have mitrochondria and myoglobin to produce oxygen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pulls wings down, "powered" portion of flight motion. Larger muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Antagonist muscle, up stroke. Smaller muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Equally powerful/equal sized pectoralis and supracoracoidius. |
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Term
| Stage 1 of Feather Evolution |
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Definition
| First feather, hollow cylinder. |
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Term
| Stage 2 of Feather Evolution |
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Definition
| Tuft of unbranched barbs attached to a calamus. |
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Term
| Stage 3 of Feather Evolution |
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Definition
| Planar feather with unbranched barbs fused to central rachis. |
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Term
| Stage Four of Feather Evolution |
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Definition
| Closed pennaceous vane, hooklets on barbules. |
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Term
| Stage Five of Feather Evolution |
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Definition
| Closed asymmetrical vane (more barbs on one side). |
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Term
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Definition
| Insulation, propulsion, predator protection, communication, physiological maintenance, support. |
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Term
| Feathers - Predator Protection |
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Definition
| Color patterns, postures, toxicity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Coloration, displays, sound production. |
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Term
| Feathers - Physiological Maintenance |
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Definition
| Protection waterproofing, tactile sensing, airspeed indicator. |
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Term
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Definition
| Beta keratin, shaft >> barb >> barbule >> hook. |
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Term
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Definition
| Shaft with barbs attached. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Feather papilla invaginates, collar cells divide to form rachis, barbs magically appear. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aftershaft, bristle feather, flight feather, filoplume, semiplume, down feather. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of feather: Barbs start at base, long rachis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of feather: Barbs start near tip, long rachis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of feather: Barbules have hooks for "zipping". |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of feather: No hooks on barbules. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of feather: Between down feather and flight feather. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of feather: Half semiplume, half flight feather. |
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Term
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Definition
| Naturally occuring chemical compounds that absorb energy of certain wavelengths to produce ovserved colors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced metabolically, strengthen feather tips. Eumelanin and phaeomelanin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Obtained from diet, Xanthophylls and carotenoids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produce metabolically, Typical and specialized porphyrins. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Oxygen in chemical formula, bright ellows, reds, and oranges. |
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Term
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Definition
| Oxygen not in formula, subdued yellows reds and oranges. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Dietary copper intake. Turacin and Turacoverdin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical alteration of components of incident light on feather surface, result of tissue layering and barb structure angles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Scattered short (blue) wavelengths of light from melanin particles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Blue structural color + yellow pigment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Air-filled oval platelets stacked evenly and seperated by keratin cause light to bounce off surfaces at differing distances from source. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fashion, research and forensics, ptilochronology, isotopes, molt limits. |
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Term
| Additions to Bird Skeleton |
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Definition
| Sternal ribs, coracoid, sternum keel, uncinate processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pressure difference results in lift. |
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Term
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Definition
| Result of having a common ancestor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar evolved function, no common ancestor. |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA strands from two different species heated to split them apart, then mixed together. How easy they bind & temp. at which they break apart is measured. > Heat = > # of matching base pairs. |
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Term
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Definition
| All species that can trace their descent to the most recent ancestor of the Late Jurassic Archaeopteryx. |
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Term
| Thecodont/Primitive Archosauromorph Hypothesis |
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Definition
| Second most plausible theory behind Theropod Hypothesis. Birds evolved from early, more generalized reptile, not dinosaurs. |
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Term
| Crocodylomorph Hypothesis |
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Definition
| Largely discredited theory of bird origins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Discredited theory of bird origins based on convergent evolution. |
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Term
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Definition
| A Saurischian dinosaur, hypothesized ancestor of birds. |
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Term
| Thomas Huxley & Edward Drinker Cope |
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Definition
| Supported the Theropod Hypothesis. |
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Term
| Robert Broom & Gerhard Heilmann |
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Definition
| Supported Thecodont Hypothesis. |
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Term
| Origin of Flight Theories |
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Definition
| Gliding to flying vs. insulation vs. display |
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Term
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Definition
| Chinese "I-Ching" mentions geese, hundreds of years B.C. |
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Term
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Definition
| "The History of Animals" and "On the Parts of Animals." 140 species, classification by function. |
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Term
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Definition
| 20 A.D. "Historia Naturalis" used for next 1500 years. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1500s-1600s. 3 volume work, "Ornithology." |
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Term
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Definition
| 1600s, "Natural History of Birds", illustrations. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Ornithologiae" classification by form. |
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Term
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Definition
| German, "Zoographia Russo-Asiatica." |
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Term
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Definition
| First detailed observations of American birds. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Travels Through North and South Carolina" |
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Term
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Definition
| American museum of ornithology, precursor to Academy of Natural Sciences. Arsenic preserving. |
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Term
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Definition
| Painted birds, "father of North American Ornithology" Audobon rival. |
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Term
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Definition
| Painted recently shot birds in realistic poses, single most expensive book. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bird guide, field marks for identification. |
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Term
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Definition
| Patch of skin where feathers can grow (feather tract). |
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Term
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Definition
| Patch of skin where no feathers grow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Concave wing shape that creates lift. |
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