Term
| Muscles involved in Downstroke |
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Definition
| Pulls furcula and coracoids apart, air sucked in |
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Term
| Muscles involved in Upstroke |
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Definition
| collapses and forces air out |
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Term
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Definition
| Forces must be balanced (drag, lift, thrust, gravity) |
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Term
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Definition
| Birds have convex wings are light ect. Planes need power (propellor, engine) to make up for non-convex wings |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Power (must maintain airfoil) |
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Term
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Definition
| How much weight does a square inch of wing have to support |
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Term
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Definition
| much weight on small area, more flapping needed for power |
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Term
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Definition
| More buoyant, good soaring |
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Term
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Definition
| Lowest wing loading, flapping hardly needed |
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Term
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Definition
| between flaps not apparent because it is rapid (woodpeckers, goldfinches, have more pronounced coasting) |
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Term
| Flight Aerodynamics of Hummingbirds |
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Definition
| Elbow compressed, not flexible. Wrist is still flexible, twisting figure eight occurs. More like a propellor than wing symmetrical in cross-section not an airfoil, no pressure difference, almost entirely power (80 flaps/second) figure 8 used for hovering, same amount of lift on up and down strokes |
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Term
| Flight Pattern - Kettling |
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Definition
| Low aspect ratio and low wing loading, rising air (heat) creates lift, saves energy during migration, kettle = circling birds |
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Term
| Flight Pattern - Updrafts |
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Definition
| take advantage of different wind speed layers above the ocean, use wind moved by waves, accelerate downward in the fast moving upper layers of air then use momentum, gravity, and surface wind eddies to swing upwind in the slow lower air layers, as they lose speed and lift they bank high into the upper layers again |
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Term
| Flight Patterns - V Formations |
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Definition
| Next bird gets lift under one wing, saves energy |
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Term
| Flight Patterns - Swimming |
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Definition
| Smaller surface area needed, density of medium creates more lift and more friction |
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Term
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Definition
High metabolic demands place great importance on foragin behavior/efficiency
The rate at which birds harvest food from the environment makes them reflective of overall environmental conditions e.g good bioindicators
Must examine in context of Optimal Foraging Theory |
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Term
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Definition
| Activities other than feeding that limit intake (avoiding predators, competition) |
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Term
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Definition
| Less search time, greater pursuit time |
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Term
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Definition
| Greater search time, less pursuit time |
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Term
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Definition
| Calories spent - calories used obtaining food |
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Term
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Definition
Involves selection of prey so as to minimize time and energy invested in search and pursuit times.
Maximizes average net energy intake over lifespan |
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Term
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Definition
Feed on whelk shells, select based on size drop shells to break them both influence breakage. Two decisions are made:
1. Which size to select
2. How high to drop
decisions must take into account pilfering |
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Term
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Definition
| an area of relatively dense prey. |
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Term
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Definition
non starving always go to certain alternative
starving go to variable alternative |
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Term
| Evolutionarily Stable Strategies |
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Definition
What affect other individuals have on you
producer - find own food
scrounger - rely on others |
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Term
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Definition
| Rely on others for food <50% best tactic |
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Term
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Definition
| Some search time no pursuit time (fruit wants to be eaten |
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Term
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Definition
| Generalized fruit that all birds can eat increases chance of seed falling in right spot, produce enormous quantities of seeds embedded in juicy pulp |
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Term
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Definition
| Bird oriented, need sunlight, offer quick energy boost but little or no protein or fat |
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Term
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Definition
| produce large seeds with own energy constent for survival until enough light is recieved, often have highly nutritious pulp ex. wild avacados (20% protein, 40% fat) |
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Term
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Definition
Tyrannulets, chlorophonias and euphonias
-have weak digestive tracts, seeds pass through digestive tract in only 8 minutes, most birds not as specialized on particular fruits like these are |
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Term
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Definition
| Frugivory typically easier to find and consumed in large quantity. Ex: quetzals require 0-6 mins to find an avocado and 24 mins to catch an insect. Insectivores spend 50-70% of each day foraging (energy maximizers) Fruit eaters spend 10% of time foraging (time minimizers). |
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Term
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Definition
| Patchy and relatively lacking in nutrition (proteins fats) and often not available. Frugivory nestlings require longer to leave nest than insectivores. Time in nest = greater exposure to predators. |
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Term
| Digestive systems of fruit eating birds |
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Definition
| Only capable of removing pulp but not affecting the seed |
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Term
| Bill/gape size of frugivores |
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Definition
proportionally frugivores have the widest bills and largest gapes
Those capturing fruit in flight have wider bills than those that pick at it
Advantage for swallowing round and oval fruits whole |
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Term
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Definition
| Expanded into every niche and habitat imaginable, forage with various versions of aerial hawking, highly nutritious and abundant, less patchy and unpredictable than fruit although takes longer to capture than fruit |
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Term
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Definition
1. perch fly out catch insect return to perch
2. fly from perch and pluck insect off surface |
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Term
| Similarities of frugivory and nectarivory |
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Definition
| Patchy distribution, renewable, does not contain all needed nutrients, plants manipulate pollinators, seasonal, foraging adaptations primarily morphological (beak structure) |
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Term
| Similarities of nectarivory and insectivory |
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Definition
| Availability, speed of renewal, spend much of their time foraging |
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Term
| Similarities of nectarivory and insectivory |
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Definition
| Availability, speed of renewal, spend much of their time foraging |
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Term
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Definition
| More easily defended, quickly renews itself, large flower size range but nectar is nectar, more susceptible to pilferage, requires good memory |
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Term
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Definition
| Long and thin, good for soaring, but not good for flapping |
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Term
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Definition
| streamlined, pointed tip high power bend in wrist makes rowing motion faster, fast and maneuverable |
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Term
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Definition
| broad, long, big primaries, large surface area good for soaring |
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Term
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Definition
| Shortened version of slotted high-lift wing, low aspect ratio, good for maneuvering |
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Term
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Definition
| the ratio of length to width of wings |
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Term
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Definition
| searching, pursuing, handling |
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Term
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Definition
| what to eat and where to eat |
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Term
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Definition
| try to find food as quickly as possible regardless how much energy that food contains |
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Term
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Definition
| they maximize the amount of energy they intake without regard to time |
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Term
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Definition
| net energy from a prey item |
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Term
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Definition
| In-flight (manakins), perchers/reachers (toucans), mashers/gulpers (tanagers) |
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Term
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Definition
| feed on large flowers along a certain route, vulnerable to predators |
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Term
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Definition
| feed on small flowers that are not noticed by other humming birds |
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Term
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Definition
| can adapt other strategies |
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