Term
| Why is telecommunication an important infrastructure? |
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Definition
1. Reception of ideas & information
2. Has a pervasive presence in our lives |
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Term
| What are the THREE components of electronic media? |
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Definition
1. Electronic - human manipulation of electronic energy
2. Media - conduits or carriers of human communication that can reach great numbers of people.
3. Broadcasting - from one to many |
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Term
| Definition of broadcasting. |
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Definition
| To send out sound and pictures by means of radio waves for reception by the general public. |
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Term
| Why hybrid services like DBS and Cable do not fall under "broadcasting" |
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Definition
| Broadcasting is free to the general public; cable and DBS services require a fee to access their services. |
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Term
| 5. Features that electronic media (broadcasting, cable TV) provide to the public: Diversion, enrichment, and surveillance. |
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Definition
a. Diversion
i. People want to be entertained/diverted from pressures of their life.. .Want to watch things like South park or Family Guy
b. Enrichment
i. Primarily things like PBS
ii. Designed to educate; can enrich their lives
c. Surveillance
i. Things like CNN and Fox
ii. Surveillance of government… |
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Term
| Weaknesses of wired communication? |
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Definition
| Construction and maintenance |
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Term
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Definition
| Developed the THEORY of electromagnetic radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| Created a way to TEST AND DEMONSTRATE electromagnetic radiation |
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Term
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Definition
Began experiments with radio transmitters and receivers,
created wireless telegraph
Owned American & British marconi |
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Term
| Form of earliest radio before broadcasting |
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Definition
| Point to point communication in the telegraph |
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Term
| Initial uses of radio before broadcasting? |
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Definition
| Point to point communication |
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Term
| Titanic and its affect on radio regulation and the shipping industry |
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Definition
Wireless Ship Act of 1910 (first radio law*) did not require an operator on duty for a specific number of hours;
Titanic inspired Radio Act of 1912,
set frequencies and hours of operation |
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Term
| Earliest known form of broadcasting? |
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Definition
| Fessenden's continuous wave transmitter which sent voice to ships at sea |
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Term
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Definition
Created the AUDION, which linked fleming valves together to boost radio signals
Took radio into the electronic age |
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Term
| Navy and WWI's effect on Radio Development |
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Definition
Navy took control of radio and assumed liability for all patent infringements
Technology advanced rapidly as companies could pool their technologies and many radio operators were trained during the war |
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Term
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Definition
1. Formed after the war
2. Fear of foreign control of American Marconi
3. Navy created idea that AT&T, GE, Westinghouse would merge into one company
4. RCA took control of American Marconi |
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Term
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Definition
Allowed GE, Westinghouse, & AT&T to take advantage of each others discoveries
1. GE & Westinghouse manufactured radio sets
2. RCA sold the equipment
3. AT&T build radio transmitters |
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Term
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Definition
Founder of KDKA
Began experimental broadcasts in Pittsburg; He was a westinghouse engineer |
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Term
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Definition
| First commercial radio station |
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Term
| 15. Early formation of radio networks and why telephone group had a technological advantage over the radio group |
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Definition
| AT&T had superior technologically behind their network linking one station to another; had the equipment and technical support that the Radio Group didn't have |
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Term
| Telephone Group and toll broadcasting |
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Definition
| b. Individuals or businesses would go to the radio station, pay X amount of dollars, and make live announcements for their business |
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Term
| Radio Group and indirect support |
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Definition
| b. Indirect support relied on profit coming solely from the purchase of radio sets; hopefully more and more individuals would decide to purchase a set |
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Term
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Definition
AT &T Would leave broadcasting and gave up its monopoly claim
AT&T would focus on its network relay systems
RCA was missing out on controlling radio stations and AT&T wanted to focus on interconnection |
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Term
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Definition
Started NBC in 1926
Operated two networks:
1. NBC Red - telephone group
Became NBC television
2. NBC Blue - became ABC/Disney |
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Term
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Definition
a. “Colombia Broadcasting System”
b. Began in 1927
i. Investment was by Colombia Phonograph; it later drops out
ii. William Paley buys Colombia
c. Is the “Tiffany network” |
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Term
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Definition
| Bought Columbia and was responsible for CBS's success |
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Term
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Definition
| Invented the FM frequency, which was less prone to static and had better sound reproduction |
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Term
| Provisions of Radio Act of 1912 |
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Definition
Required Licensing to broadcast
Set frequencies and time limits for broadcasters |
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Term
| State Regulation and Radio Waves for Broadcasting after KDKA |
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Definition
There was more and more interference due to more people broadcasting;
People were violating their scheduled times for broadcasting, therefore multiple people were using the same frequencies
There was no set standard of equipment |
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Term
| Effect of the Zenith Decision |
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Definition
1. Led to the Radio Act of 1927
2. Interference was bad at night because waves would reflect off of the ionosphere and travel long distances
3. Secretary of commerce could not regulate the industry single-handedly |
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Term
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Definition
Established the Federal Radio Commission
-gave FRC the power to determine licensees
- placed emphasis on Local stations |
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Term
| Communications Act of 1934 |
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Definition
| Established the FCC; permanent 5 member body to oversee the regulation of wireless and wired communicatio everywhere |
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Term
| Types of Programs on the Radio |
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Definition
Situation Comedies
Crime Shows
Dramas
Soaps |
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Term
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Definition
FDR would address the nation to update them on the state of economic affairs in the country
People kept FDR's photo near the radio set |
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Term
| Radios programming response to TVs growth and popularity in the 1960s |
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Definition
| Programming became highly specialized, appealing to very specific demographic audiences |
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Term
| Role of FCC in Development of FM |
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Definition
| New stations wishing to broadcast had to use the FM frequency, as AM frequencies were already taken |
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Term
| Contemporary FM formats v. AM formats |
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Definition
| FM took over genres of music; AM switched to all talk or golden oldies |
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Term
| Deregulation of broadcast ownership in the 1980s - present |
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Definition
| Deregulation led to large media moguls; prior to deregulation, companies could only own X amount of each type of station |
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Term
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Definition
"Prime Time Access Role"
Local stations were given the 7-8 hour for broadcasting; prime time switched to 8-11 |
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Term
| Public Broadcasting Service |
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Definition
| Manages the network interconnections between public stations. |
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Term
| Development of new TV Broadcast networks (Fox, UPN, WB, CW, MyNetwork TV) |
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Definition
| Developed through mergers |
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Term
| Effects of satellites, cable television, and VCR development on broadcasting revenue, advertising, and programming |
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Definition
1. More fragmentation in the audience
2. Harder to reach the mass market because people were using different sources
3. More competition for advertising dollars
4. Satellites had the capability to set up nationwide networks |
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Term
| Dregulation beginning in the 1980s (specifically, liberalized ownership limits) |
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Definition
| Deregulation allowed companies to grow through big time consolidation and acquisitions |
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Term
| CATV's origination and uses |
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Definition
Sharing of a common antenna system to pick up tv stations
Originated in rural towns like Astoria, Ore and Lansford, PA |
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Term
| FCC REgulation in the 1960s concerncing cable system importation of distant program signals |
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Definition
| Cable systems had to carry all tv stations within 60 miles and couldn't carry shows from distant stations that duplicated those offered by local stations; in top markets, CATV systems had to get approval to import distant stations |
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Term
| Deregulatory provisions contained in the Cable Act of 1984 |
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Definition
Reduced FCC control over cable
Made the local community the major force in cable regulation
Large companies rushed to get local franchise rights for cable systems |
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Term
| Why did cable growth surge in the 1970s and 1980s? |
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Definition
1. Creation of networks like HBO which offered content that was not available to regular tv viewers
2/ Deregulation from FCC allowed direct competition between cable and regular tv; allowed operators to set rates and rules covering product services |
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Term
| Rise of competition from TVRO and DBS |
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Definition
TVRO - backyard satellite dish
DBS - Direct Broadcast Satellite- service from satellite to compact home receivers
i.e. DirecTV
became popular because they dropped in price and Congress allowed DBS to carry local channels |
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Term
| Alternatives to cable-- vcr, dvd, dvr |
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Definition
1. VTR debuted in 1956 but was only for networks Sony distributed a public one in the 1970s; later, Supreme Court rules that home taping doesn't violate copyright laws
2. DVDs provide home recording options, large increase from 2001 to 2006
3. DVR provides option to record programming onto a hard disk drive for later viewing |
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Term
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Definition
Early warning radar system for missile attacks
The MODEM AND VIDEO DISPLAY were outgrowths of the SAGE project |
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Term
| Concept of packet switching |
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Definition
Paul Baran and Donald Davies worked individually with the idea
Provided for small data packets ot be sent over a network of nodes, so that there were multiple routes for the sending/receiving of information
works like a neural pathway |
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Term
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Definition
Funded by US in 1968
Purpose was to build the first interactive computer network; operational in 1969
First form of the internet |
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Term
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Definition
| Extended the use of the system (email) to many university researchers |
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Term
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Definition
linked supercomputer centers across the country
Internet was born when NSFNET replaced ARPANET; had 30 times more bandwidth |
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Term
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Definition
| Developer of email in the early 1970s |
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Term
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Definition
".gov, .edu. .com .nu"
Extended the usefulness of networking, created an easier way to connect |
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Term
| Internet Service Providers |
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Definition
| Allowed everyone to connect to the new network |
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Term
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Definition
Invented computer code within text on the screen, which allowed for hyperlinks to be used
Developed the idea of using a graphical interface for retrieving information on network databases
Hyperlinks are used to call up information on remote computers, replaced the use of IP addresses |
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Term
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Definition
"URL" used to locate information on a network and send it back to the person requesting it... Concept was the "World Wide Web"
WWW came in the early 1990s and is the most useful piece of internet for most people |
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Term
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Definition
| Developed Mosaic in 1993, the forerunner to Netscape Navigator and Firefox |
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Term
| What has become the most significant threat to cable |
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Definition
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Term
| When was the first recorded broadcast? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Commercial bribe, not offical advertising. Paying a radiostation to play a song for a record label but not announcing it was funded by the record label |
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Term
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Definition
"Very high frequency" and "Ultra High Frequency"
UHF initially at a disadvantage because not all receivers picked up their signal
vhf is 2-13
UHF is 13+ |
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Term
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Definition
| Lighter weight equipment that can be taken on site practically anywhere |
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Term
| Who was given credit for inventing the Audion tube? |
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Definition
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Term
| he Italian inventor who was the first pioneer to discover a use for radio waves? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the electronic device DeForest utilized to make the audion tube? |
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Definition
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Term
| Although DeForest liked to claim credit for the first radio broadcast of voice and music, who made the first known broadcast of voice and music on December 24, 1906? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| At the age of 14, who provided a design for TV on a school blackboard |
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Definition
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Term
| What tv enjoyed initial success before the development of electronic tv? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who had success in getting RCA to hear and sponsor their idea for television |
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Definition
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Term
| Who invented and won the early patent battle concerning television and how did htey respond to RCA's request to buy rights to the patent |
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Definition
| Farnsworth; he held his ground and wanted continuous royalties |
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Term
| What decade did Sarnoff believe tv would be in most peoples homes? Why didn't the launch of tv take place under such a timetable? |
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Definition
1930s
No way to reliably send the signal by broadcast and no public demand for it |
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Term
| Who led the CBS network to great success through his programming ability, airing successful drama shows and people like Orson Wells and Edward R. Murrow? |
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Definition
| William S. Paley, found of CBS, known for his programming ability that focused on content |
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Term
| What type of problems did tv actors experience in the studio or on the set? |
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Definition
| Hot lights, and greenpurple make up |
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Term
| In 1940, what did the FCC chairman do that affected RCA and David Sarnoff |
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Definition
| Pushed antitrust law that weakened Sarnoff's stronghold; RCA sold off part of its network which because ABC |
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Term
| What businessman from NJ developed a better tv set than rca? What standard did the FCC endorse? |
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Definition
Alan Dumont of the Dumon Network created a 600 line tv
FCC endorsed Sarnoff's 450 line standard |
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Term
| Who invented an inexpensive tv set in 1947? How much did it cost? |
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Definition
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Term
| What network had their standard approved initially by the FCC? Why was standard changed? Which company eventually was granted the standard for color tv? |
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Definition
CBS was initially approved with mechanical color TV
Electronic color tv was created and mechanical wasn't compatible with sets in peoples homes
RCA was granted the standard instead of CBS |
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Term
| During the early years of TV, what dropped dramatically during the airing of the Jack Benny show |
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Definition
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Term
| Which company helped develop communication satellites |
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Definition
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Term
| Who didn't want the word TV uttered in his home during the last 10 years of his life |
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Definition
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