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As begun by Linnaeus, each species is assigned a two part name - beginning with the genus (capitalized) and the designated species.
Ex. Escherichia coli |
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| The naming and classifying of species. In the Linnaean taxonomic system, the order (from smallest to largest) is: species, genus, family, order, class, phyla, kingdom, and domain. |
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| Similarities due to shared ancestry |
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| Similarity due to convergent evolution |
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| Homologous genes found in different species, which then diverge following speciation |
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| Result from gene duplication in the same genome, and as they diverge, provide new opportunities for evolutionary change within a species |
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| A matrix composed of modified-sugar polymers cross-linked by short polypeptides. Found in the cell wall of bacteria. |
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| An oriented movement in response to chemical, light, or other stimuli. |
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| Tough-walled dormant cells formed in response to a lack of nutrients. |
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| The integration of foreign DNA into a bacterial chromosome by an exchange of homologous DNA segments. |
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| When a bacterial cell temporarily joins to another cell by sex pili, and the donor cell transfers DNA to the recipient through a "mating bridge". |
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| The use of light energy and carbon dioxide to synthesize organic compounds. |
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| Obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic substances (Hydrogen Sulfide, Ammonia) and need only carbon dioxide as a carbon source. |
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| Use light energy but most obtain carbon in organic form |
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| Use organic molecules as both an energy and a carbon source. |
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| The conversion of nitrogen into Ammonia. |
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| Species that live in extreme habitats. |
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| Regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots. |
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| Multicellular haploid in plant life cycle. |
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| Multicellular diploid in plant life cycle. |
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| A transport system for plants composed of cells joined into tubes. |
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| Embryos enclosed with a supply of nutrients in a protective coat. Where the ovule develops. |
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| Plants with not enclosed seeds. |
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| Flowering plants, in which seeds develop inside chambers called ovaries in a flower. |
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| Pores through which gases are exchanged and water evaporates. |
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| Through which water and minerals are conducted up from roots |
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| Transports sugars and other organic nutrients through living cells arranged into tubes. |
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| Anchor plants and absorb water and nutrients. |
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| Increase a plant's photosynthetic surface area. |
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| A mature ovary that functions in the protection and dispersal of seeds. |
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| Sexual signals employed by many animals, such as fungi, to find a reproductive partner. |
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| Cytoplasmic fusion of different fungi, forming a mycelium with genetically different nuclei, or a heterokaryon. |
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| Include molds, parasites, and commensal symbionts. |
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| Spores involved in asexual reproduction of fungi. They are produced in chains or clusters at the ends of hyphae called conidiophores. |
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| Symbiotic associations of millions of photosynthetic organisms in a lattice of fungal hyphae. |
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| Mitotic divisions of the zygote. |
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| Parts radiate from the center. |
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| Animals have distinct anterior and posterior ends, and left and right sides. |
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| The concentration of sensor organs and a central nervous system in the head end, which is an adaptation facilitating unidirectional movement. |
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| Develops into the outer body covering, and in some phyla, into the central nervous system. |
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| Lines the developing digestive tube and gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract and associated organs. |
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| A fluid-or air- filled body cavity separating the digestive tract from the outer body wall. |
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| The opening during gastrulation leading to the developing archenteron. |
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| Found in cnidarians, their anatomy consists of a sac and a single opening serving as both mouth and anus. |
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| First found in rotifers - separate mouth and anus. |
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| Consists of short arteries and a network of sinuses known as the hemocoel. The hemocoel becomes the main body cavity, leading to gas exchange occurring throughout the body. |
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| The young are smaller versions of the adult and pass through several molts before developing wings and becoming sexually mature. |
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| The larvae look entirely different from the adult. |
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| A network of hydraulic canals controls extensions called tube feet that function in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange. |
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| Lay eggs that hatch outside the mother |
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| Retain the fertilized eggs until they hatch |
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| Developing young are nourised by a yolk sac placenta, from nutrients in a uterine fluid, or by eating other eggs. |
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| Contains extraembryonic membranes that protect and nourish the embryo. |
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| Absorption of external heat rather than generating its own. |
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| The warming of the body with metabolic heat. |
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| Formed frum the uterine lining and extraembryonic membranes nourishes the developing embryo. |
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| Functions in a grapsing "power grip" in monkeys, apes, and humans. A thumb that can touch the fingertips of all of the other fingers on the same hand. |
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| The use of two legs to stand upright and walk. |
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