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Definition
| Natural Body composed of mineral and organic solids, gasses, liquids, and living organisms which can serve as a medium for plant growth |
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| Medium for plant growth, recyclers of raw materials, habit for soil organisms, engineering medium, system for water supply and purification |
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Definition
25% Air
25% Water
45% Mineral Matter
5% Organic Matter |
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| Large pores from which water readily gravitationally drains (>0.06mm) |
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| small pores from which water does not readily gravitationally drain (<0.06mm) |
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| mass of a unit volume of dry soil |
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Definition
Cation Exchange Capacity
Ablity of cations to interchange between the soil solution and the surface of soil particles
Organic soils>clays>silts>sands |
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Definition
Low pH=decreased CEC levels=leaching
High pH=increased CEC levels=unavailable |
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Definition
Spherioidal (granular and crumb)
Platelike
Blocklike (angular blocky and subangular blocky)
Prismlike (columnar and prismatic) |
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| Can soil texture change? soil structure? |
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Definition
| No, Yes (activities such as grazing, tillage, trafficking, drainage) |
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| master horizon that can be found in undisturbed ecosystems. organic materials accumulate on the soil surface and are undergoing varying degrees of decomposition |
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| Master horizon.,percolation of water movies organic materials downward into the soil profile and into this layer, nearest to the soil surface, dominated by mineral particles but have been darkened by the accumulation of organic matter |
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| Zone of maximum leaching of clay, iron, and aluminum oxides; zone of eluvation; found in forests |
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| forms below an O, A, or E and is characterized by an accumulation of materials such as iron , aluminum oxides, and silicate clays; zone of illuviation |
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| unconsolidated material; zone below those of greatest biological activity and has not been greatly altered |
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| layer of unconsolidated rock with little evidence of weathering |
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| organic matter, highly decomposed |
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| dense, unconsolidated materials |
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| organic matter, intermediate decomposition |
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Definition
| alluvial accumulation of organic matter |
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| organic matter, slightly decomposed |
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Definition
| accumulation of Fe and Al oxides |
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Definition
| weathered or soft bedrock |
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| Major problem with urban soils |
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Definition
| heavy compaction in the first 20 inches |
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Term
| What is an acidic soil? How do we fix it? |
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Definition
| soil with a pH of below 6.0. apply lime |
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| What is a sodic soil? How do we fix it? |
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Definition
| soil where precipitation is less than evapotranspiration, soil with high pH. apply irrigation with proper drainage. |
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| compression of soils that breaks down soil aggregates. Total pores space, especially large pore space, is decreased. Consequently, resistance to root penetration is increased. |
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| penetration resistance, discolored or poor plant growth, excessive lateral root growth, excessive runoff or ponding. |
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Definition
| compaction testing tool used to gauge resistance to probe insertion. portable, yet subject to moisture errors |
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Definition
| compaction tests where cores are removed then tested, time consuming yet don't change based on soil moisture |
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Definition
| compaction test, expensive equipment and training, yet very fast accurate results |
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Term
| Examples of Mechanical Disruption |
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Definition
| plows, rototillers, subsoilers |
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Term
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Definition
2-4" drain towards outlet
fill with medium sand or gravel
crown soil |
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Definition
| breaking up the plowpan or hardpan with deep plowing or ripping; much be a large area with dry soil |
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| Benefits of organic amendments |
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Definition
| increased CEC, porosity, and water holding capicty; improved soil structure; food for plants |
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| Should you amended soil for trees? |
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Definition
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| Should you amend soil for shrubs |
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Definition
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| What is the proper Carbon:Nitrogen Ratio for organic amendments |
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Definition
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| What is the proper moisture content percent for organic amendments |
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Definition
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| What percent organic matter content should be in organic amendments |
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Definition
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| What is the proper bulk density for organic amendments |
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Definition
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| What is the proper pH for organic amendments |
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| Step One for planting techniques |
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Definition
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Definition
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| How big should the planting hole be? |
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Definition
| At least 2X the size of the rootball |
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Term
| What are the advantages/disadvantages to a straight sided hole? |
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Definition
| proper drainage/harder to dig |
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Term
| What are the advantages/disadvantages of a sloped sided hole? |
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Definition
| easier to dig/drainage into the bottom of the hole |
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Term
| Should you put gravel in the bottom of a planting hole |
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Definition
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Term
| Does vertical mulching work to increase drainage from a planting hole |
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Definition
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| Step three in the planting process |
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Definition
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| What kind of root ball coverings should be removed |
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Definition
| All, especially wire baskets, artificial burlap, plastic, fabric, biodegradable containers, straps, wires |
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Definition
| 1" deep cuts made vertically down the root ball, fixes girdling or circling roots |
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| Step 4 in the planting process |
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Definition
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| How much of the root ball should be above grade |
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Definition
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| Step 5 in the planting process |
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Definition
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| Step 6 in the planting process |
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Definition
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| What type of limbs should be removed |
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Definition
| Co-dominant leaders, crossing/rubbing branches, broken branches, suckers |
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Definition
| smaller than 1.5 inches in diamater |
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| When should stabilizing products be removed |
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