Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Orgo Prelim 3
chapter 8
32
Chemistry
Undergraduate 3
11/02/2010

Additional Chemistry Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
General Formula for Alkyl Halides
Definition
R-X
where X=F, Cl, Br, I
(not a principal functional group)
Term
General Formula for Alcohols
Definition
R-OH (*is a principal functional group. dictates name and gets lowest number when numbering the principal chain)
Term
General Formula for Thiols
Definition
R-SH
(*also a principal functional group)
Term
General Formula for Ethers
Definition
R-O-R'
(derivative, not a principal functional group)
Term
General Formula for Sulfides (aka thioethers)
Definition
R-S-R'
(derivative, not a functional group)
Term
In hydrogen bonding, what are the most important donors
Definition
acids, alcohols, amides
Term
in hydrogen bonding, what are the most important acceptors
Definition
aldehydes, ethers, amines, alkyl fluorides
Term
What are the three different properties to consider when choosing a solvent
Definition
Bronsted properties, Lewis properties, Polar properties
Term
What are examples of polar aprotic solvents?
Definition
DMSO, DMF, compounds that have good + stabilization but no - stabilization
Term
What are examples of polar protic solvents?
Definition
H2O, alcohols, excellent + / - stabilization
Term
What examples of nonpolar protic solvents?
Definition
acetic acid, CH3COO
Term
Name examples of aprotic polar solvents that are donors
Definition
THF, diethyl ether, dioxane
Term
Name examples of aprotic polar solvents that are nondonors
Definition
hexane, benzene, CH2Cl2
Term
What kinds of solvents have good (+) / (-) stabilization?
Definition
polar protic solvents, nonpolar protic solvents,
Term
Which solvents have good (+) stabilization but no (-) stabilization?
Definition
polar aprotic and nonpolar aprotic solvents
Term
What inluences acidity?
Definition
  • periodic trends
  • element effect
  • resonance
  • polar effect
  • solvation
Term
How does solvation influence alcohol acidity
Definition
  • salvation stabilizes A- and increases acidity

A-H ---> A- + H+

  • the higher the pKa value the weaker the acidity

 

Term
How are alkyl halides classified
Definition

as methyl, secondary, or tertiary, depending on the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbon bearing the halogen

 

methyl-no alkyl groups

primary-one

secondary-two

tertiary-three

Term
in an alcohol, where is the hydroxy (OH) group bonded to
Definition
bonded to the carbond of the alkyl group. also classified as methyl, primary, secondary, or tertiary.
Term
what are glyols
Definition
compounds that contain two or more hydroxy groups on adjacent carbons
Term
what does it mean to be a "polar" molecule
Definition

has a permanent dipole moment

ex: methyl chloride, methanol, diethyl ether, propane

Term
what is the relationship between polarity and boiling points
Definition
as polarity increases, the boiling point also increases.
Term
what is true about molecular masses and boiling points
Definition

even though two compounds may have similar molecular masses, their BPs might be different because they have different molecular shapes and sizes.

 

large intermolecular attractions translate into high BPs so alkanes have higher BPs than alkyl halides

Term
what are three ways dissolved ions are stabilized
Definition
charge-dipole interactions, hydrogen-bonding interactions, donor interactions
Term
what is an amphoteric substance (also give example)
Definition

a substance that can either lose or gain a proton.

 

ex: alcohols and thiols

Term
how does the gain or loss of a proton affect acidity/basicity
Definition

the acidity of an alcohol is the loss of a proton

 

the basicity of an alcohol is the gain of a proton

Term
organometallic compounds
Definition

compounds that contain carbon-metal bonds

 

ex: oxymercuration and organoboranes

Term
grignard reagent
Definition

a compound of the form R-Mg-X

X= Br, Cl, I

 

ex: ethylmagnesium bromide

CH3CH2-Mg-Br

Term
Organolithium reagents
Definition

compounds in the form R-Li

 

ex: butyllithium

CH3CH2CH2CH2-Li

Term
How are Grignard and organolithium reagents formed?
Definition

using ether solvents to add an alkyl halide to a metal

 

CH3CH3-Br + Mg -----------> CH3CH2-Mg-Br

(C2H5)2O

Term
Why aren't solvents required for the formation of organolithium reagents
Definition

they are soluble in hydrocarbons.

 

Grignard and organolithium reagents react violently with oxygen and vigorously with water

Term
What are carbanions and which compounds react as if they were carbanions
Definition

Carbanions are carbons bearing three bonds, an unshared pair of electrons, and a negative formal charge.

 

Grignard and organolithium reagents react as if they were carbanions:

R3-C-MgX ----> R3C:-     MgX+

Supporting users have an ad free experience!