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Definition
| Endocrine, nervous, skeletal, muscular, digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, lymphatic, immune, reproductive |
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| Skeletal, Muscular and Digestive systems |
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Definition
| Acquire materials and energy (food) |
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| Nervous and endocrine systems |
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Definition
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| Skeletal and muscular systems |
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Definition
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| Lymphatic and immune systems |
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Definition
| Protect the body from disease |
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Definition
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Definition
| Contains cranial (brain) and vertebral (spinal cord cavities. Smaller than ventral cavity |
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Definition
| Contains thoracic (heart, lungs esophagus), abdominal (stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas, intestines) and pelvic (reproductive organs) cavities. Larger than dorsal cavity |
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| Contains heart, lungs and esophagus |
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Definition
| Contains stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas and intestines |
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Definition
| Contains certain reproductive organs |
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Term
| Nervous system (voluntary/involuntary) |
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Definition
V - Move head
I - Digestion, heartburn |
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Term
| The endocrine system involves the distribution of _________. |
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Definition
| Hormones (some we are aware of, others we are not) |
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Term
| The cardiovascular system transports ____________ and __________ (if taken). |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Maintenance of normal internal conditions (body temperature, pH levels) in an organism by means of self-regulating systems/mechanisms. It is maintained by ALL organ systems (DS adds nutrients, ES removes wastes, RS adds O & Co2). |
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| Negative Feedback (Homeostasis) |
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Definition
| Keeps variables such as the blood glucose levels lose to particular value or set point. More common than the positive feedback. It contains two loops. |
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Term
| _________________ feedback mechanism is present when the output of the system _____________ the original stimulus. |
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Definition
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Term
| A homeostatic mechanism as at least two parts: a _______ and a _________. |
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Definition
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| Examples of negative feedback |
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Definition
| Blood pressure, regulation of body temperature, oxygen, carbon, waste, salt, pH, Ions |
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| Negative feedback includes _______ loop(s) if it is too hot and ________ loop(s) if it is too cold. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Blood leaves blood vessel and bathes cell directly as well as tissues and oxygen. This primitive system works because blood does not carry oxygen and carbon dioxide. It breathes through holes in the abdomen, not the mouth. Air is carried through holes in the side and uses system of tubes (trachea) for air exchange. |
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Term
| Closed Circulatory System |
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Definition
| Blood stays in the blood vessels, uses capillaries for exchange (as do humans). This primitive system works because the oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged through the skin (in capilary beds which aren't pictured in fig. 32.2) |
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| Summary of Circulatory Systems |
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Definition
1. Then bodied animals living in water do not need a circulatory system (use diffusion).
2. Insects have an open circulatory system because they don't need blood to transport O or CO2 (again, they use their trachea).
3. Closed circ. syst. need blood to transport O and CO2. |
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Term
| What is the circulatory system and when is it needed? |
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Definition
| It is a pumping heart moving fluid into the blood vessels. It is needed when materials can't just be exchanged with the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
Tissue (made of specialized cells)
Organ (group of tissue)
Organ system (group of organs)
Organism (group of organ systems
If one organ system fails, they all do. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Nervous - receives stimuli and transmits nerve impulses (doesn't regenerate)
2. Connective - binds and supports body parts (reshaped)
3. Muscular - moves the body and its parts (built up at any time)
4. Epitherial - covers body surfaces, lines body cavities and forms glands (skin is a type of this), protects body |
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Term
| Functions of Connective Tissue |
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Definition
| Establish structural framework, transport fluids/dissolved material, protects delicate organs, support surrounding and interconnecting tissues, store energy reserves, defend body from microorganisms. |
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Term
| Functions of Epithelial Tissue |
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Definition
| Form a continuous layer over body structures, lines body cavities (lungs, dig. sys.) and forms glands. |
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Term
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Definition
A single layer of cells and are classified according to cell type:
1. Squamous epithelium - composed of flattened cells,found lining blood vessels, air sacs of lungs
2. Cuboidal epithelium - contains cube-shaped cells and is found lining the kidney tubules and some glands
3. Columnar epithelium - cells resembling rectangular columns, Found in the digestive tract, where it absorbs nutrients from small intestines. |
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Definition
| Layers of cells piled on on top of the other. Only the bottom layer touches the basement membrane. Found in nose, mouth, esophagus, anal canal and vagina. |
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Definition
| Epithelium that secrets a product known as a gland. |
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Definition
| Glands that secrete their products into ducts or cavities |
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Definition
| Have no duct, secrete product directly into bloodstream |
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Term
| Why is an insects blood white? |
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Definition
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Term
| Loose Fibrous Connective Tissue |
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Definition
| Has space between components, occurs beneath skin and most epithelial layers, functions in support and binds organs |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of connective tissue, cells are filled with fat, occurs beneath skin, around heart and other organs, functions in insulation, stores fat |
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| Dense fibrous connective tissue |
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Definition
| Has collagenous fibers closely packed, in dermis of skin, tendons, ligaments, functions in support. |
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Definition
| Type of connective tissue, occurs in nose and walls of respiratory passages; at ends of bones, functions in support and protection |
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Definition
| Has cells in concentric rings, occurs in bones of skeleton, functions in support and protection |
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Term
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Definition
| has striated cells with multiple nuclei, occurs in muscles attached to skeleton, functions in voluntary movement of body |
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Term
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Definition
| Has spindle-shaped cells, each with a single nucleus, cells have no striations, functions in movement of substances in lumens of body, involuntary, found in blood vessel walls and walls of the digestive tract |
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Term
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Definition
| has branching, striated cells, each with a single nucleus, occurs in the wall of the heart, functions in the pumping of blood. |
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Term
| The heart has ___ chambers, made of ________ and ________. |
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Definition
| 4, 2 atria and 2 ventricals |
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Term
| The muscle of the heart receives blood via the _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The left ventrical is ________ (bigger/smaller) than the right. |
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Definition
| Larger. It pumps blood to the entire body while the right ventrical only pumps to the lungs. |
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Term
| The first half of the heartbeat is the __________ (atria/ventrical) while the second half is the ___________ (atria/ventrical). |
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Definition
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| True or false: The atria collects blood, sends it to the left ventrical and out to the rest of the body. |
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Definition
| True. (Or to the right and to the lungs, which are not 2 single intities, they are layered and lobed). |
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Definition
| Takes blood in, filters it, releases the "good" blood back into the bloodstream. |
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Definition
| Rare, has 1 loop. It causes an even greater change in the same direction until a definite end point such as childbirth, blood clotting or the stomach's digestion of protein is complete. |
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Term
| T or F: Regeneration and homeostasis are the same thing. |
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Definition
| But we can regenerate such things as skin cells which causes scar tissue to fade. We cannot regenerate nerve cells in the brain or spinal cord, but can in rest of body. Other animals CAN regenerate nerve cells in brain, spinal cord. (There is now some evidence, Christopher Reeves, that we can regenerate nerve cells). |
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Definition
| Protection from trauma, pathogens, water loss, regulates body temp. via sweat, acts as a sensory (too hot, too cold), synthesizes vitamin D. |
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Term
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Definition
| Made up of stratified squamous epithelium. Described as think or thin based on the thickness of the epidermis THIN skin covers most of the body (hair ollicles, sebaceous (oil) glands), and sweat glands. Thick skin appears in palms of hand, soles of feet. Thick skin has sweat glands, no oil glands or hair follecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| Region of dense fibrous CONNECTIVE tissue under the epidermis, contains collagen and elastic fibers which prevent skin from being torn. Stretching of the dermis can lead to stretch marks, contains blood vessels that nourish ("red" or "blue") the skin. |
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Term
| Subcutaneous layer/Hypodermis |
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Definition
| Composed of loose connective and adipose tissue, which stores fat. Well-developed, it gives a person a rounded look. Excessive development accompanies obesity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stores fat, which is a stored source of energy for the body. It helps insulate the body. |
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Term
| Accessory Organs of the Skin |
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Definition
| Nails, hair and glands (all of epidermal origin) |
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