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Definition
246 BC
Ctesibius of Alexandria
Used water pressure to maintain wind pressure, levers to activate individual pipes
Used in gladiatorial games in Roman Amphitheater
Spread throughout Middle East during first two Christian centuries, as Christianity spread.
Use in banquets, games, circuses, possibly military processions |
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| Earliest remains of hydraulis |
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Definition
79 AD, Pompei
228 AD, Aquincum, a Roman town in Hungary |
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| Early depictions and descriptions of Medieval organs |
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Definition
757 Byzantine Emperor Constantius sends an organ to Pepin the Short (France). Pepin's son, Charlemagne, is crowned Holy Roman Emperor
c 820 AD organ depicted in the Ultrecht Psalter, illustrating Psalm 150 |
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| Earliest organ uses in church |
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Definition
900-1250 AD, initially for ceremonial purposes. Secular prior to this
980-990 AD Monk Wulfstan describes the large outdoor organ at Winchester Cathedral
1063 San Marco, Venice begins construction
1100 Many cathedrals begun in France and England. Frequent mention of organs, and illustrations, in medieval manuscripts |
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| Organ well-established in churches |
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Definition
| 1400/15th c. Played on festive occasions, and used for alternatim |
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| 15th century developments |
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Definition
Organs well-established in churches
Many sizes of organs (portative, positive, large)
First organs that actually still survive
1436 Henri Arnault de Zwolle treatise mentioning organs and organ tuning
1446 First books are printed in Haarlem
1463-1466 Large double organ is built in the main church in Haarlem
1450-1500 stops developed! Hooray!
1460-70 Buxheimer Orgelbüch |
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| The onset of N. German large organs with modern features |
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Definition
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| 1511 Spiegel der Orgel und Orgelmacher describes the new types of German organs |
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| Martin Luther and the Reformation begin |
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Definition
1517 Theses
1521 Excommunication |
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Definition
| earliest organs built that still survive intact and in use |
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| Important organ treatises |
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Definition
1436 Henri Arnault de Zwolle
1511 Arnolt Schlick
1608 Constanzo Ategnati
1619 Michael Praetorius Syntagma Musicum
first half of 1600s Titlelouze and Crespin-Carlier
1636-37 Marin Mersenne Harmonie Universelle
1667 Nivers describes registration, followed closely by many others
1766-78 Dom Bedos des Celles exhaustive treatise, really a summation of French Baroque practice
1768 Jacob Adlung: Musica mechanica organoedi, summation of German organ building practices at the time of JS Bach
1789 Cliquot: publishes treatise on theory and practice of organ building. One year later he completes the organ at Poitier, dies that same year. |
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