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Organizational Management exam 1
chapters 1-5
90
Business
Undergraduate 3
09/25/2012

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Term
Organizational behavior
Definition
interdisciplinary field dedicated to better understanding and managing people at work
Term
The Hawthorne Legacy
Definition
Interviews do not support initial conclusions about positive effect of supportive supervision
Money, fear of unemployment, managerial discipline and high quality raw materials were responsible for high output
Term
Theory X
Definition
pessimistic and negative, typical of how managers traditionally perceived employees
Term
Theory Y
Definition
believed managers could accomplish more through others by viewing them as self energized,committed, responsible, and creative beings
Term
TQM
Definition
the organizations culture is defined by and supports the constant attainment of customer satisfaction through an integrated system of tools, techniques, and training
Term
Principles of TQM
Definition
1. Do it right the first time to eliminate costly rework and product recalls
2. Listen to and learn from customers and employees
3.Make continuous improvement an everyday matter
4. Build teamwork, trust, and mutual respect
Term
E-business
Definition
using the internet to facilitate every aspect of running a business, including the management of virtual teams
Term
Human Capital
Definition
the productive potential of ones knowledge and actions. a present or future employee with the right combination of knowledge, skills, and motivation to excel
Term
social capital
Definition
the productive potential of strong relationships, goodwill, trust, and cooperative effort
Term
management
Definition
the process of working with and through others to achieve organizational objectives, efficiently and ethically, in the face of constant change
Term
contingency approach
Definition
using management concepts and techniques in a situationally appropriate manner, instead of trying to rely on "one best way"
Term
Corporate social responsibility (CSR)
Definition
the notion that corporations have an obligation to constituent groups in society other than stockholders and beyond that prescribed by law or union contract
Term
How to improve the organizations ethical climate
Definition
-behave ethically yourself
-screen potential employees
-develop a meaningful code of ethics
-Provide ethics training
-reinforce ethical training
-create positions,units, and other structural mechanisms to deal with ethics
Term
give sources of OB research insights
Definition
Meta-analyses
Field studies
laboratory studies
sample surveys
case studies
Term
Meta-analyses
Definition
pools the results of many studies through statistical procedure
Term
field study
Definition
examination of variables in real-life settings
Term
laboratory studies
Definition
manipulation and measurement of variables in contrived situations
Term
samples surveys
Definition
questionnaire responses from a sample of people
Term
Case studies
Definition
in-depth study of a single person, group, or organization
Term
diversity
Definition
represents the multitude of individual differences and similarities that exist among people ; pertains to the host of individual differences that make all of us unique and different from others
Term
affirmative actions
Definition
and artificial intervention aimed at giving management a chance to correct an imbalance, an injustice, a mistake or outright discrimination that occurred in the past
Term
discrimination
Definition
occurs when employment decisions about an individual are due to reasons not associated with performance or are not related to the job
Term
managing diversity
Definition
entails enabling people to perform up to their maximum potential; focuses on changing an organization's culture an infrastructure such that people provide the highest productivity possible
Term
workforce demographics
Definition
statistical profiles of the characteristics and composition of the adult working population; enables managers to anticipate and adjust for surpluses or shortages of appropriately skilled individuals
Term
glass ceiling
Definition
an absolute barrier or solid roadblock that prevents women (as well as other visible minorities) from advancing to higher-level positions
Term
social categorization theory
Definition
holds that similarities and differences are used as a basis for categorizing self and others into groups,
Term
information/decision-making theory
Definition
proposes that diverse groups should outperform homogenous groups
Term
demographic fault line
Definition
hypothetical dividing lines that may split a group into subgroups based on one or more attributes
Term
barriers and challenges to managing diversity
Definition
inaccurate sterotypes and prejudice
ethnocentrism
poor career planning
a negative diversity climate
an unsupportative and hostile working environment for diverse employees
lack of political savvy on the part of diverse employees
difficulty in balancing career and family issues
Term
observable artifacts
Definition
consist of the physical manifestation of an organizations culture (awards myths stories)
Term
values
Definition
concepts of beliefs that pertain to desirable end states, transcend situations, guide selection of behavior and are ordered by relative importance
Term
espoused values
Definition
represent the explicitly stated values and norms that are preferred by an organization
Term
enacted values
Definition
represent the values and norms that actually are exhibited or converted into employee behavior (based on Observable Behavior)
Term
basic assumptions
Definition
constitute organizational values that have become so taken for granted over time that they become assumptions that guide organizational behavior
Term
Clan culture
Definition
has an internal focus and values flexibility rather than stability and control; very employee-focused
Term
Adhocracy culture
Definition
has an external focus and values flexibility ; fosters creation of innovative products and services
Term
Market culture
Definition
has a strong external focus and values stability and control; driven by competition and a strong desire to deliver results and accomplish goals
Term
Hierarchy Culture
Definition
has an internal focus; more formalized and structured work environment; values stability and control
Term
Organizational Socialization
Definition
process by which a person learns the values, norms, and requires behaviors which permit him to participate as a member of the organization
Term
anticipatory socialization
Definition
the first socialization stage; encompasses all of the learning that takes place prior to the newcomer's first day on the job
Term
encounter
Definition
the second socialization stage; the newcomer learns the tasks associated with the job, clarifies roles, and establishes new relationships at work
Term
Change & acquisition
Definition
the third socialization stage; the newcomer begins to master the demands of the job
Term
Onboarding programs
Definition
helps employees to integrate, assimilate, and transition to new jobs by making them familiar with corporate policies, procedures, and culture and by clarifying work role expectations and responsibilities
Term
mentoring
Definition
the process of forming and maintaining developmental relationships between a mentor and a junior person
Term
diversity of developmental relationships
Definition
reflects the variety of people in a network used for developmental assistance
Term
societal culture
Definition
a set of beliefs and values about what is desirable and undesirable in a community of people, and a set of formal or informal practices to support the values
Term
ethnocentrism
Definition
belief that one's native country,culture, language, and behavior are superior to all others
Term
cultural intelligence
Definition
the ability to interpret ambiguous cross-cultural situations accurately
Term
High-context cultures
Definition
rely heavily on situational cues for meaning when perceiving and communicating with others
Term
low-context cultures
Definition
written and spoken words carry the burden or shared meanings
Term
Global Leadership & Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE)
Definition
attempt to develop an empirically based theory to describe, understand, and predict the impact of specific culture variables on leadership and organizational processes and the effectiveness of these processes
Term
Cultural Dimensions from the GLOBE project
Definition
power distance, uncertainty avoidance, institutional collectivism, in-group collectivism, gender egalitarianism, assertiveness, future orientation, performance orientation, humane orientation
Term
power distance
Definition
how much unequal distribution of power should there be in organizations and society
Term
uncertainty-avoidance
Definition
how much should people rely on social norms and rules to avoid uncertainty and limit unpredictability
Term
Institutional collectivism
Definition
how much should leaders encourage and reward loyalty to the social unit, as opposed to the pursuit of individual goals
Term
In-group collectivism
Definition
how much pride and loyalty should individuals have for their family or organization
Term
gender egalitarianism
Definition
how much effort should be put into minimizing gender discrimination and role inequalities
Term
assertiveness
Definition
how confrontational and dominant should individuals be in social relationships
Term
Future orientation
Definition
how much should people delay gratification by planning and saving for the future
Term
performance orientation
Definition
how much should individuals be rewarded for improvement and excellence
Term
Humane Orientation
Definition
how much should society encourage and reward people for being kind, fair, friendly and generous
Term
Individualistic culture
Definition
characterized as "i" and "me" cultures, give priority to individual freedom and choice
Term
collectivist culture
Definition
oppositely called "we" and "us" cultures, rank shared goals higher than individual desires and goals
Term
Monochronic time
Definition
revealed in the ordered, precise, schedule-driven use of public time that typifies and even caricature efficient Northern Europeans and North Americans
Term
Polychronic Time
Definition
seen in the multiplee and cyclical activities and concurrent involvement with different people in Mediterranean, Latin American, and especially arab cultures
Term
expatriate
Definition
refers to anyone living and or working outside their home country
Term
realistic job previews
Definition
are a must for future expatriates
Term
cross-cultural training
Definition
any type of structured experience designed to help departing employees (and their families) adjust to a foreign culture
Term
culture shock
Definition
anxiety and doubt caused by an overload of new expectations and cues
Term
host-country sponsors
Definition
assigned to individual managers or families ; "cultural seeing-eye dogs"
Term
self-esteem
Definition
belief about ones own self worth based on an overall self-evaluation
Term
self-efficacy
Definition
a person's belief about his chance of successfully accomplishing a specific task
Term
sources of self-efficacy
Definition
-prior experience
-Behavioral models
-Persuasion from others
-Personal assessment of physical or emotional state
Term
self-monitoring
Definition
the extend to which a person observes his or her own self-expressive behavior and adapting it to the social situation we find ourselves in
Term
Organizational identification
Definition
occurs when one comes to integrate beliefs about one's organization into one's identity
Term
personality
Definition
the combination of stable physical and mental characteristics that give the individual his or her identity
Term
proactive personality
Definition
someone who is relatively unconstrained by situational forces and who effects environmental change
Term
internal locus of control
Definition
people who believe they control the events and consequences that affect their lives
Term
external locus of control
Definition
people who tend to attribute key outcomes in their lives to environmental causes, such as luck or fate
Term
ability
Definition
stable characteristic responsible for a person's maximum physical or mental performance
Term
skill
Definition
specific capacity to manipulate objects
Term
intelligence
Definition
capacity for constructive thinking, reasoning, and problem solving
Term
general mental ability
Definition
used for all cognitive tasks
Term
specific mental ability
Definition
ability unique to the task at hand
Term
emotions
Definition
complex, patterned, organismic reactions to how we think we are doing in our lifelong efforts to survive and flourish and to achieve what we wish for ourselves
Term
emotional intelligence
Definition
the ability to manage oneself and interact with others in a constructive way
Term
emotional contagion
Definition
someones bad mood sours your mood; can literally catch another person's mood or displayed emotions
Term
emotional labor
Definition
masking true feelings and emotions
Term
psychological capital
Definition
striving for success by developing one's self-efficacy, optimism, hope, and resiliency
Term
resiliency
Definition
the ability to handle pressure and quickly bounce back from personal and career setbacks
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