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| Communication channel that delivers message |
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| Informational capacity of channel |
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| Knowledge of results influencing future behavior |
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| Causes miscommunication and distorts message |
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| Receiver translating words, verbiage |
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| Sender's throughts transforming to words, verbiage |
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| Message - Encode - Channel - Decode - Message |
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| Eavesdropping - non-original sources (secretary) |
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| Meetings, documentation, reports |
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| Transfer and understand meaning |
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Be Strong Think for yourself |
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Communication hyper sensitivity Discourages honesty Hampers free expression Empowers others |
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Email Voicemail Facebook Twitter Websites |
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What it says about you You won't be there to explain You cannot control distribution It lasts forever |
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| Barriers to Communication |
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| Perceptions, Filtering, Overload, Emotion, Language, Body movement, Vocal inflection, Facial expression, Physical distance |
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Increasing information: Report / Letter Email / Blog Voicemail / Speech Phone / Face-to-face |
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| Noise distorts the message |
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Formal, or informal Oral, written, or non-verbal |
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Controls behavior Motivates Informs |
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| Medium that delivers message |
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| Transfer and understand meaning |
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| Voluntary behavior violating norms (also known as antisocial behavior or workplace civility) |
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| Workers' performance die not improve due to money - performance improved due to attention |
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| Conformity inhibits critical thinking |
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| Member attraction and desire to stay in group |
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| Expend less effort together than alone |
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| Similarity in form or character; agreement |
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| Acceptable behavior within group |
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| Dramatic change impacts structure |
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| Forming - Storming - Norming - Performing |
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| Two or more individuals coming together to achieve a common objective |
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Rationalize / avoid warnings Direct pressures Self-censorship Illusion of unanimity |
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| Take actions different than really wanted |
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| Affects behavior (small groups react quicker) |
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| Position differentiates group members |
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Cohesion - similar individuals in group Adhesion - dissimilar individual in group Highly Cohesive - military |
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| Expectations of employee contribution in return for company benefit |
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Performance - level of effort (achieve) Appearance - what to wear Relational - friendship (affiliation) |
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| Voluntary behavior violating norms (also known as antisocial behavior or workplace civility) |
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| Expend less effort together than alone |
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Identity - attitudes consistent with role Perception - belief how I should act Expection - belief how others should act Conflict - incompatible expectations |
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| Group Properties (performance) |
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| Roles, Norms, Status, Size, Cohesion |
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| Subgroup with shared values |
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| Security, Status, Self-esteem, Goal achievement |
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| People coming together to achieve a common objective / exists to achieve a goal (companies exist to make money) |
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| Mirroring another's emotions |
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| Detect and manage emotional cues |
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Attempt to control how one is viewed: Self-promotion, Ingratiation, Exemplification, Intimidation, Supplication |
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| Project one emotion while simultaneously feeling another |
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| Expressing organizationally desired emotions at work |
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| Matching feelings to situation - very stressful |
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| Acting - not feeling emotions |
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| Feelings that are less intense than emotions |
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| Emotions were seen as - Irrational, Disruptive, Unproductive |
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| Highlighting one's best qualities |
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| Attempt to manipulate situation to create advantage |
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| Felt (actual) or Displayed (required) |
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Affect and Gender (i.e. Women) |
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Are more emotionally expressive Feel emotions more intensely Have longer-lasting moods |
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Sleep reduces negative effort Exercise can improve mood |
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| Anger, Fear, Sadness, Happiness, Disgust, Surprise |
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| Are part of the workplace - Affect, Emotions, Mood |
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| Broad range of feelings (emotions) that people experience |
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| Intense feelings that are directed at someone or something |
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| Likelihood of competing task and attractiveness of outcome. |
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| An overall perception of what is fair in the workplace. |
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| Ratio of outcomes to inputs compared to others |
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Belief in ability to perform a specific task Efficacy leads to confidence and persistence |
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| Specific, difficult goals with feedback lead to higher performance |
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| Originating from or on the outside (external) |
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| Originating or due to cauases within a body, organ or part (hardwired, internal) |
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Two-Factor Model (Herzberg) |
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Hygiene factor - Extrinsic, Dissatisfaction Motivators - Intrinsic, Satisfaction |
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X - employees inherently dislike work and must therefore be directed Y - employees can work as being as natural as rest / play |
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Existence (physiological and safety) Relatedness (social) Growth (esteem / self-actualization) |
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Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow) |
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1. Physiological (hunger, thirst, shelter) 2. Safety (security) 3. Social (friendships) 4. Esteem (self-respect) 5. Self-Actualization (self-fulfillment) |
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| Intensity, direction, and persistence toward a goal |
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| Employee has direction to schedule and complete work |
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| Mental process to perceive and reason (THINK) |
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Inputs - Slack Off Outputs - Work Harder Occupation - Quit Job Perception of self / others Referent person |
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| Enactive Mastery, Vicarious Modeling, Verbal Persuasion, Arousal |
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| The more public the better |
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Distributive (Organizational Justice) |
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| Employee's perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards |
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Procedural (Organizational Justice) |
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| Perceived fairness of the process used to determine distribution of rewards |
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Interactional (Organizational Justice) |
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| Individual's perception of the degree to which she is treated (dignity, respect) |
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| Contemporary Theories of Motivation |
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Definition
Goal Setting (Locke) Self-Efficacy (Bandura) Equity (Adams) Expectancy (Vroom) Organizational Justice |
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Theory of Needs (McClelland) |
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nAch - Need for achievement nPow - need for power nAff - need for affiliation |
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| Eary Theories of Motivation |
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Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow) erg (Alderfer) X and Y (McGregor) Two-Factor (Herzberg) Needs (McClelland) |
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| Attempts to explain a phenomena |
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| Chaos - conflict over roles and leadership |
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| Relationship and expectations evolve |
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| Group accepts structure and tasks |
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| Will effort lead to performance |
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| Will performance lead to reward |
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