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Organizational behavior
ch. 9, 10, 11, 13
261
Management
Undergraduate 3
05/14/2011

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Term
the big 5 personality taxonomy
Definition
1) conscientiousness
2) agreeableness
3) neuroticism
4) openness to experiences
5) extraversion
Term
personality
Definition
the structures and propensities inside people that explain their characteristic patterns of thought, emotion and behavior
Term
traits
Definition
recurring regularities or trends in people's responses to their environment
Term
cultural values
Definition
shared beliefs about desirable end states or modes of conduct in a given culture
Term
what big 5 trait is most accounted for by genetics
Definition
extraversion
Term
traits of conscientiousness people
Definition
dependable, organized, reliable, ambitious, hardworking, and persevering
Term
benefits of conscientiousness
Definition
1) accomplishment striving
2) high childhood levels strongly correlated with later success
3) good for your health
Term
traits of agreeableness people
Definition
warm, kind, cooperative, sympathetic, helpful and courteous
Term
neuroticism is associated with
Definition
1) external locus of control
2) differential reactivity
3) differential exposure
Term
differential exposure
Definition
more likely to appraise day to day situations as stressful
Term
differential reactivity
Definition
less likely to believe they can cope with the stressors they experience
Term
what kind of jobs are openness to experience personalities good for
Definition
creative tasks
Term
Myers- Briggs Type Indicator
Definition
evaluates individuals on the basis of four types of preferences
1) extraversion
2) sensing
3) thinking
4) judging
Term
interests
Definition
expressions of personality that influence behavior through preferences for certain environments and activities
Term
RIASEC model
Definition
6 personality types
1) realistic
2) investigative
3) artistic
4) social
5) enterprising
6) conventional
Term
realistic personality
Definition
enjoys practical, hands on, real world tasks. frank, determined and rugged
Term
investigative personality
Definition
enjoys abstract, analytical, theory-oriented tasks. tends to be analytical, intellectual, reserved and scholarly
Term
artistic personality
Definition
enjoys entertaining and fascinating others using imaginations. tends to be original, independent, impulsive and creative
Term
social personality
Definition
enjoys helping, serving or assisting others. tends to be helpful, inspiring,, informative and empathetic
Term
enterprising personality
Definition
enjoys persuading, leading, or outperforming others. energetic, ambitious, sociable and risk taking
Term
conventional personality
Definition
enjoys organizing, counting or regulating people or things. tends to be careful, conservative, self controlled and structured
Term
culture
Definition
the shared values, beliefs, motives, identities, and interpretations that result from common experiences of members of a society and are transmitted across generations
Term
Geert Hofstede dimensions
Definition
1) individualism-collectivism
2) power distance
3) uncertainty avoidance
4) masculinity-femininity
5) short term vs. long term
Term
Project Globe values
Definition
1) gender egalitarianism
2) assertiveness
3) future orientation
4) performance orientation
5) humane orientation
Term
how is conscientiousness linked with job performance
Definition
moderate positive
Term
how is conscientiousness linked with org commitment
Definition
moderate positive
Term
what is the leading cause of typical performance
Definition
conscientiousness
Term
what is the leading cause from maximum performance
Definition
ability
Term
integrity tests
Definition
- aka honesty tests
- are personality tests that focus specifically on a predisposition to engage in theft and other counterproductive behaviors
Term
clear purpose tests
Definition
asks applicants questions directly
Term
veiled purpose tests
Definition
do not reference dishonesty explicitly but instead assess more general personality traits
Term
ability
Definition
the relatively stable capabilities people have to perform a particular range of different but related activities
Term
what determines ability
Definition
genes and the environment
Term
cognitive ability
Definition
capabilities related to the acquisition and application of knowledge in problem solving
Term
verbal ability
Definition
various capabilities associated with understanding and expressing oral and written communication
Term
quantitative ability
Definition
refers to two types of number capabilities
1) number facility (simple math operations)
2) mathematical reasoning (ability to choose and apply formulas)
Term
reasoning ability
Definition
-abilities associated with sensing and solving problems using insight, rules and logic
1) problem sensitivity
2) deductive reasoning
3) inductive reasoning
4) originality
Term
originality
Definition
novel ways to solve problems
Term
originality
Definition
novel ways to solve problems
Term
inductive reasoning
Definition
specific information to reach a general conclusion (police detectives)
Term
deductive reasoning
Definition
general rules to solve problems
(law)
Term
problem sensitivity
Definition
ability to sense that theres a problem right now or likely to be one in the near future
Term
spatial ability
Definition
capabilities associated with visual and mental representation and manipulation of objects in space
1) spatial orientation
2) visualization
Term
spatial orientation
Definition
understanding of where one is relative to other things in the environment
Term
visualization
Definition
ability to imagine how separate things will look if they were put together in a particular way
Term
perceptual ability
Definition
being able to perceive, understand and recall patterns of information
1) speed and flexibility of closure
2) perceptual speed
Term
speed and flexibility of closure
Definition
being able to pick out a pattern of information quickly in the presence of distracting information
Term
perceptual speed
Definition
being able to examine and compare numbers, letters and objects quickly
Term
general cognitive ability
Definition
aka "g factor"
underlines or causes all of the more specific cognitive abilities
Term
emotional intelligence
Definition
include:
1) self awareness
2) other awareness
3)emotional regulation
4) use of emotions
Term
self awareness
Definition
appraisal and expression of emotions in oneself
Term
other awareness
Definition
appraisal and recognition of emotions of others
Term
emotion regulation
Definition
being able to recover quickly from emotional experiences
Term
use of emotions
Definition
degree to which people can harness emotions to improve chances of success
Term
physical abilities
Definition
1) strength
2) stamina
3) flexibility and coordination
4) psychomotor abilities
5) sensory abilities
Term
stamina
Definition
ability to work efficiently while he or she is engaging in prolonged physical activity
Term
strength
Definition
degree of exerting force
1) static (lift, push, pull)
2) explosive (short bursts)
3) dynamic (strength with no fatigue)
Term
gross body coordination
Definition
ability to synchronize the movements of the body, arms, etc to do something while the whole body is in motion
Term
pyschomotor abilities
Definition
capacity to manipulate and control objects
Term
sensory abilities
Definition
capabilities associated with vision and hearing
Term
how is cognitive ability related to job performance
Definition
strong positive
Term
how is cognitive ability related to org commitment
Definition
weak positive
Term
team
Definition
two or more people who work interdependently over some time period to accomplish common goals related to some task oriented purpose
Term
types of teams
Definition
1) work teams
2) management teams
3) parallel teams
4) project teams
5) action teams
Term
work teams
Definition
- relatively permanent
- produce goods
- full time commitment from members
Term
management teams
Definition
- relatively permanent
- affect the entire organization
Term
parallel teams
Definition
- permanent or temporary
- composed of members from various jobs who provide recommendations to managers about issues that run parallel to organization production process
Term
project teams
Definition
- one time task, generally complex and require a lot of input from members
Term
action teams
Definition
- limited in duration
Term
virtual teams
Definition
- used when members are from different locations
- use email, IMs
Term
stages of teams
Definition
1) forming
2) storming
3) norming
4) performing
5) adjourning
Term
forming
Definition
understand boundaries of team
Term
storming
Definition
members remain committed to ideas they bring to table
Term
norming
Definition
need to work together
Term
performing
Definition
comfortable with each other
Term
task interdependence
Definition
degree to which team members interact with and rely on other team members for the information needed to accomplish work for the team
Term
pooled interdependence
Definition
- lowest degree of required coordination
- work is piled up
Term
sequential interdependence
Definition
different tasks are done in prescribed order and the group is structured such that the members specialize in these tasks
Term
reciprocal interdependence
Definition
- members are specialized to perform specific tasks
- members interact with a subset of other members to complete the teams work
Term
comprehensive interdependence
Definition
- highest level of interaction and coordination among members
- lots of collaboration
Term
goal interdependence
Definition
team members have a shared vision of the teams goal and align their individual goals with that vision as a result
Term
outcome interdependence
Definition
team members share in the rewards that the team earns
Term
team composition
Definition
mix of people who make up the team
Term
role
Definition
pattern of behavior that a person is expected to display in a given context
Term
leader staff teams
Definition
leader makes decisions for the team and provides direction and control over members who perform assigned tasks
Term
team task roles
Definition
refer to behaviors that directly facilitate the accomplishment of team tasks
- orienter, devil's advocate, energizer
Term
team building roles
Definition
behaviors that influence the quality of the teams social climate
- harmonizer, encourager, compromiser
Term
individualistic roles
Definition
behaviors that benefit the individual at the expense of the team
- aggressor, recognition seeker, dominator
Term
disjunctive tasks
Definition
- best solution
- leader has the highest ability
Term
conjunctive tasks
Definition
performance depends on the weakest link
Term
additive tasks
Definition
contributions resulting from the abilities of every member add up to determine team performance
Term
value in diversity problem-solving approach
Definition
diversity in teams is beneficial because it provides for a larger pool of knowledge and perspectives from which a team can draw as it carries out its work
Term
similarity-attraction approach
Definition
people tend to be more attracted to others who are perceived as more similar
Term
surface level diversity
Definition
- refers to race, ethnicity, sex and age
- negative effects early but go away
Term
deep level diversity
Definition
- less easy to observe initially
Term
best team size
Definition
4 to 5 people
Term
team viability
Definition
likelihood that the team can be work together effectively into the future
Term
how is task interdependence related to team performance
Definition
moderate positive
Term
how is task performance related to org commitment
Definition
weak positive
Term
hybrid outcome interdependence
Definition
members receive rewards that are dependent on both their teams performance and how well they perform as individuals
Term
leadership
Definition
the use of power and influence to direct the activities of followers toward goal achievement
Term
power
Definition
the ability to influence the behavior of others and resist unwanted influence in return
Term
types of power
Definition
1) legitimate power
2) reward power
3) coercive power
4) expert power
5) referent power
Term
legitimate power
Definition
derives from position of authority inside the organization
Term
reward power
Definition
occurs when someone has control over the resources or rewards another person wants
Term
coercive power
Definition
exists when a person has control over punishments in an organization
- operates on the principle of fear
Term
expert power
Definition
derives from a persons expertise, skill or knowledge on which other depend
Term
referent power
Definition
exists when others have a desire to identify and be associated with a person
Term
sustainability
Definition
the degree to which people have alternatives in accessing resources
Term
discretions
Definition
the degree to which mangers have the right to make decisions on their own
Term
centrality
Definition
represents how important a persons job is and how many people depend on that person to accomplish their tasks
Term
visibility
Definition
is how aware others are of a leaders power and position
Term
influence
Definition
the use of an actual behavior that causes behavioral or attitudinal changes in others
Term
rational persuasion
Definition
the use of logical arguments and hard facts
Term
inspirational appeal
Definition
tactic designed to appeal to the targets values and ideals, thereby creating an emotional or attitudinal reaction
Term
consultation
Definition
occurs when the target is allowed to participate in deciding how to carry out or implement a request
Term
collaboration
Definition
leader helps with the employee
Term
4 most effective leadership tactics
Definition
1) rational persuasion
2) consultation
3) inspirational appeals
4) collaboration
Term
2 least effective leadership tactics
Definition
1) coalitions
2) pressure
Term
4 moderately effective leadership tactics
Definition
1) ingratiation
2) personal appeals
3) exchange
4) apprising
Term
ingratiation
Definition
the use of favors, compliments, or friendly behavior to make the target feel better about the influencer
Term
personal appeals
Definition
occur when the requestor asks for something based on personal friendship or loyalty
Term
exchange tactic
Definition
used when the requestor offers a reward or resource to the target in return for performing a request
Term
apprising
Definition
requestor clearly explains why performing the request will benefit the target personally
Term
pressure
Definition
use of coercive power through thrests and demands
Term
coalitions
Definition
occur when the target of influence agrees with and becomes committed to the influence request
Term
internalization
Definition
occurs when the target of influence agrees with and becomes committed to the influence request
Term
compliance
Definition
target is willing to do what the leader asks but with indifference
Term
resistance
Definition
the target refuses to perform the influence request and puts forth an effort to avoid having to do it
Term
organizational politics
Definition
can be seen as actions by individuals that are directed toward the goal of furthering their own self interests
Term
political skill
Definition
understand others and use knowledge to further your own objectives or the organizations
1) networking ability
2) social astuteness
3) interpersonal influence
4) apparent sincerity
Term
styles of conflict resolution
Definition
1) competing
2) avoiding
3) accommodating
4) collaborating
5) compromise
Term
competing
Definition
- high assertiveness, low cooperation
- get own goals without regard for others
Term
avoiding
Definition
- low assertiveness, low cooperation
- when one party wants to remain neutral
Term
accommodating
Definition
- low assertiveness, high cooperation
- occurs when one party gives in to the other and acts in a completely unselfish way
Term
collaboration
Definition
- high assertiveness, high cooperation
- both parties work together
- most effective
- win win
Term
compromise
Definition
- moderate assertiveness, moderate cooperation
- give and take
- most common form
Term
negotiation
Definition
process in which two or more interdependent individuals discuss and attempt to come to an agreement about different preferences
Term
distributive bargaining
Definition
- win-lose negotiation over a fixed pie
Term
integrative bargaining
Definition
- aimed at accomplishing a win-win scenario
Term
negotiation stages
Definition
1) preparation
2) exchanging information
3) bargaining
4) closing and commitment
Term
BATNA
Definition
best alternative to a negotiated agreement
Term
how is power and influence related to job performance
Definition
moderate positive
Term
how is power and influence related to org commitment
Definition
moderate positive
Term
alternative dispute resolution
Definition
process by which two parties resolve conflicts through the use of a specially trained, neutral third party
Term
mediation
Definition
third party to facilitate negotiations
- mediator has no formal authority
Term
arbitration
Definition
third party determines a binding settlement to a dispute
Term
stress
Definition
a psychological response to demands that possess certain stakes ans that tax or exceed a person's capacity or resources
Term
transactional theory of stress
Definition
explains how stressors are perceived and appraised, as well as how people respond to those perceptions and appraisals
Term
work responsibility
Definition
refers to the nature of the obligations that a person has toward others
Term
problem focused coping
Definition
refers to behaviors and cognitions intended to manage the stressful situation itself
Term
emotion focused behavioral coping strategies
Definition
1) engaging in alternative activities
2) seeking support
3) venting anger
Term
problem focused cognitive coping strategies
Definition
1) strategizing
2) self motivation
3) changing priorities
Term
emotion focused cognitive coping strategies
Definition
1) avoiding, distancing and ignoring
2) looking for the positive in the negative
3) reappraising
Term
instrumental support
Definition
refers to the help people receive that can be used to address the stressful demand directly
Term
effects of hindrance stressors on job performance
Definition
weak negative
Term
effects of challenge stressors on job performance
Definition
weak positive
Term
motivation
Definition
a set of energetic forces that originates both within and outside an employee, initiates work related effort, and determines its direction, intensity and persistence
Term
engagement
Definition
a contemporary synonym, more or less, for high levels intensity and persistence in work effort
Term
considerations for self efficacy
Definition
1) past accomplishments
2) vicarious experiences
3) verbal persuasion
4) emotional cues
Term
instrumentality
Definition
represents the belief that successful performance will result in some outcome(s)
Term
valance
Definition
reflects the anticipated value of the outcomes associated with performance
Term
needs
Definition
are cognitive groupings or clusters of outcomes that are viewed as having critical psychological or physiological consequences
Term
alternative labels for esteem
Definition
self-regard, growth
Term
goal setting theory
Definition
views goals as the primary drivers of the intensity and persistence of effort
Term
goals
Definition
objective or aim of an action and typically refer to attaining a specific standard of proficiency
Term
3 moderators in goal setting theory
Definition
1) feedback
2) task complexity
3) goal commitment
Term
goal attainment
Definition
the degree to which a person accepts a goal and is determined to try and reach it
Term
cognitive distortion
Definition
allows you to restore balance mentally, without altering your behavior in any way
Term
psychological empowerment
Definition
reflects an energy rooted in the belief that work tasks contribute to some
larger purpose
- intrinsic potivation
Term
what motivating force promotes the strongest sense of performance
Definition
competence/self-efficacy
Term
job satisfaction
Definition
is a pleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one's job or job experiences
Term
values
Definition
those things that people consciously or subconsciously want to seek or attain
Term
value-percept theory
Definition
argues that job satisfaction depends on whether you perceive that your job supplies the things that you value
Term
3 critical psychological states that make work satisfying
Definition
1) meaningfulness of work
2) responsibility for outcomes
3) knowledge of results
Term
affective events theory
Definition
workplace events can generate affective reactions--reactions that then can go on to influence work attitudes and behaviors
Term
trust
Definition
the willingness to be vulnerable to a trustee based on positive expectations about the trustees actions and intentions
Term
justice
Definition
reflects the perceived fairness of an authority's decision making
Term
ethics
Definition
degree to which the behaviors of an authority are in accordance with generally accepted moral norms
Term
trust propensity
Definition
a general expectation that the words, promises and statements of individuals and groups can be relied on
Term
trustworthiness
Definition
defined as the characteristics or attributes of a trustee that inspire trust
Term
integrity
Definition
defined as the perception that the authority adheres to a set of valued and principles that the trustor finds acceptable
Term
what rules help ensure that procedures are fair
Definition
1) consistency
2) bias suppression
3) representativeness
4) accuracy
Term
moral awareness
Definition
occurs when an authority recognizes that a moral issue exists in a situation or that an ethical code or principle is relevant to the circumstance
Term
moral intensity
Definition
captures the degree to which an issue has ethical urgency
Term
moral judgement
Definition
reflects the process people use to determine whether a particular course of action is ethical or unethical
Term
moral intent
Definition
reflects an authority's degree of commitment to the moral course of action
Term
corporate social responsibility
Definition
a perspective that acknowledges that the responsibilities of a business encompass the economic, legal, ethical and citizenship expectations of society
Term
learning
Definition
the relatively permanent changes in an employees knowledge or skill that result from experience
Term
does learning impact decision making, and what is decision making
Definition
1) yes
2) refers to the process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives to solve a problem
Term
social learning theory
Definition
people in organizations have the ability to learn through the observation of others
Term
the modeling process (steps)
Definition
1) attentional processes
2) retention processes
3) production processes
4) reinforcement
Term
learning orientation
Definition
building competence is deemed more important than demonstrating competence
Term
performance-prove orientation
Definition
focus on demonstrating their competence so that others think favorably of them
Term
rational decision-making model
Definition
step-by-step approach to making decisions, that maximize outcomes by examining all available alternatives
Term
faulty perceptions (6)
Definition
1) selective perception
2) projection bias
3) social identity theory
4) stereotype
5) heuristics
6) availability bias
Term
selective perception
Definition
tendency to see the environment only as it affects them and as it is consistent with their expectations
Term
projection bias
Definition
people project their own thoughts, attitudes and motives onto other people
Term
social identity theory
Definition
holds that people identify themselves by the groups to which they belong and perceive and judge others by their group membership
Term
heuristics
Definition
simple, efficient, rules of thumb that allow us to make decisions more easily
Term
availability bias
Definition
is the tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is easier to recall
Term
fundamental attribution error
Definition
people have a tendency to judge others behaviors as due to internal factors
Term
decision making biases (5)
Definition
1) anchoring
2) framing
3) representativeness
4) contrast
5) recency
Term
anchoring
Definition
rely too heavily on one trait or peice of information
Term
framing
Definition
different decisions on how the question is framed
Term
representativeness
Definition
assess the likelihood of an event by comparing it to a similar event and assuming it will be similar
Term
contrast
Definition
judge things erroneously based on a reference that is near to them
Term
recency
Definition
weigh recent events more than earlier events
Term
consensus
Definition
did others act the same way under similar circumstances
Term
distinctiveness
Definition
does this person tend to act differently in other circumstances
Term
consistency
Definition
does this person always do this when performing this task
Term
how is learning linked to job performance
Definition
moderate positive
Term
how is learning linked with org commitment
Definition
weak positive
Term
training
Definition
systematic effort by organizations to facilitate the learning of job-related knowledge and behavior
Term
organizational behavior
Definition
is a field of study devoted to understanding, explaining, and ultimately improving the attitudes and behaviors of individuals and groups in organizations
Term
strategic management
Definition
focuses on the product choices and industry characteristics that affect an organization's profitability
Term
job satisfaction
Definition
captures what employees feel when thinking about their jobs
Term
learning and decision making
Definition
deals with how employees gain job knowledge and how they use that knowledge to make accurate judgments on the job
Term
individual characteristics
Definition
1) personality and cultural values
2) ability
Term
personality and cultural values
Definition
reflect the various traits and tendencies that describe how people act, with commonly studied traits including extraversion
Term
group mechanisms
Definition
1) characteristics and diversity
2) team processes and communication
Term
characteristics and diversity
Definition
describes how team processes are formed, staffed, composed and how team members come to rely on one another as they do their work
Term
team processes and communication
Definition
how teams behave, including their coordination, conflict and cohesion
Term
organizational mechanisms
Definition
1) organizational structure
2) organizational culture
Term
organizational structure
Definition
dictates how the units within the firm link to other units
Term
organizational culture
Definition
captures the way things are in the organization
Term
why are people valuable
Definition
1) history
2) numerous small decisions
3) socially complex resources
Term
job performance
Definition
the value of the set of employee behaviors that contribute, either positively or negatively, to organizational goal accomplishment
Term
task performance
Definition
includes employee behaviors that are directly involved in the transformation of organizational resources into the goods and services that the organization produces
Term
steps of job analysis
Definition
1) list the activities involved in a job it generates
2) each activity on the list is rated by subject matter experts according to things like the importance and frequency of the activity
3) the activities that are rated highly in terms of their importance and frequency are retained and used to define task performance
Term
counterproductive behavior
Definition
behaviors the intentionally hinder organizational goal accomplishment
1) property deviance
2) production deviance
3) political deviance
Term
production deviance
Definition
- reduces efficiency of work output
1) wasting resources
2) substance abuse
Term
political deviance
Definition
- disadvantage other employees rather than the organization
1) gossiping
2) incivility
3) personal aggression
4)harassment
5) abuse
Term
personal aggression
Definition
hostile verbal and physical actions toward other employees
Term
harassment
Definition
unwanted physical contact or verbal remarks
Term
three main points about counterproductive behavior
Definition
1) people who engage in one form of counterproductive behavior also engage in others
2) is relevant to any job
3) often surprising which employees partake in it
Term
behaviorally anchored rating scales
Definition
assess performance that by directly assessing job performance behaviors
Term
focus of commitment
Definition
refer to the various people, places, and things that can inspire a desire to remain a member of an organization
Term
independent forms model
Definition
various withdrawal behaviors are uncorrelated with one another and occur for different reasons
Term
compensatory forms model
Definition
of withdrawal argues that the various withdrawal behaviors negatively correlate with one another-- do one leads less likely to do other
Term
progression model
Definition
withdrawal behaviors are positively correlated
Term
does downsizing reduce commitment
Definition
yes
Term
psychological contracts
Definition
reflect employees beliefs about what they owe the organization and what the organization owes them
Term
transactional contracts
Definition
that are based on a narrow set of specific monetary obligations
Term
relational contracts
Definition
that are based on a broader set of open ended and subjective obligations
Term
perceived organizational support
Definition
reflects the degree to which employees believe that the organization values their contributions and cares about their well being
Term
networking ability
Definition
adeptness at identifying and developing diverse contacts
Term
social astuteness
Definition
tendency to observe others and accurately interpret their behavior
Term
interpersonal influence
Definition
having an unassuming and convincing personal style thats flexible enough to adapt to different situations
Term
apparent sincerity
Definition
appearing to others to have high levels of honesty and genuineness
Term
orienter
Definition
establishes the direction for the team
Term
devils advocate
Definition
offers constructive challenges to the teams status quo
Term
energizer
Definition
motivates team members
Term
harmonizer
Definition
steps in to resolve differences among teammates
Term
encourager
Definition
praises the work of teammates
Term
compromiser
Definition
helps the team see alternative solutions that teammates can accept
Term
aggressor
Definition
puts down or deflates fellow teammates
Term
recognition seeker
Definition
takes credit for teams success
Term
what should mission statements be evaluated on (5)
Definition
1) clarity
2) relevance
3) significance
4) believability
5) urgency
Term
5 aspects of team composition
Definition
1) member roles
2) member ability
3) member personality
4) team diversity
5) team size
Term
personal appeals
Definition
ask for something based on loyalty or friendship
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