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| "like someone cut your face off" |
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| most common view, like slicing body into two symmetrical halves |
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| toward the top of the body |
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| toward the bottom of the body |
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| on the same side of the body |
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| on the opposite side of the body |
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| toward or at the back (dorsal fin--dolphin) |
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| toward the interior of the body |
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| toward the exterior surface of the body |
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| toward the back of the body--tail |
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| nearer or closer to a point of reference |
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| farther from a reference point |
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| toward the top of the body |
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| toward the lower regions of the body |
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| What are the two major divisions of the nervous system? |
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Definition
| central nervous system and peripheral nervous system |
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| What are the two main parts of the central nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three main portions of the peripheral nervous system? |
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Definition
autonomic nervous system
enteric nervous system
somatic nervous system |
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Term
| What is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for? |
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Definition
| fight or flight mechanisms |
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Term
| What is the parasympathetic nervous system responsible for? |
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Definition
| rest and digest responses |
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Term
| What is the enteric nervous system? |
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Definition
| in wall of digestive tract, controls digestion, can be modulated by autonomic and central nervous system, separate and independent, controlled through reflex pathways |
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Term
| Are the cranial nerves part of the central nervous system or the peripheral nervous system? |
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Definition
| They are part of the peripheral nervous system--NOT part of the CNS |
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| What do cranial nerves do? |
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Definition
| cranial nerves innervate the brain |
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| How many cranial nerves are there? |
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Definition
| 12 pairs of cranial nerves |
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Term
| What is cranial nerve 1 (olfactory) responsible for? |
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Definition
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| What is cranial nerve II (optic) responsible for? |
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Definition
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| What is cranial nerve III (oculomotor) responsible for? |
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| What is cranial nerve IV (trochlear) responsible for? |
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| What is cranial nerve V (trigeminal) responsible for? |
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Definition
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| What is cranial nerve VI (abducens)responsible for? |
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Definition
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| What is cranial nerve VII (facial) responsible for? |
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Definition
| face: expression and sensory |
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| What is cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear) responsible for? |
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Definition
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| What is cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal) responsible for? |
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Definition
| tongue and throat--motor and sensory |
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Term
| What is cranial nerve X (vagus) responsible for? |
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Definition
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| What is cranial nerve XI (accessory)responsible for? |
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Definition
| head, neck, shoulder--movement and swallowing |
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| What is cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal)responsible for? |
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Definition
| speech, chewing, and swallowing |
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Term
| Are the spinal nerves part of the central nervous system or peripheral nervous system? |
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Definition
| peripheral nervous system |
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Term
| How many spinal nerves are there? |
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Definition
| 31 pairs of spinal nerves |
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Definition
| cells that communicate information in your brain/spinal cord to periphery or communicate back to your brain |
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Term
| What are the two types of non-neuronal cells? |
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Definition
| glia (neuroglia) and endothelial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| cell body of a neuron, has all normal cell functions, information can be directly received to the soma, but more likely signals received by dendrites |
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Definition
| projections off of a neuron cell body (soma) that receive information from adjacent cells |
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Definition
| part of a neuron. forms the majority of nerve tracts in the body, where axon potential travels, tends to be a single process, branches closer to target site (called a collateral), often covered with myelin |
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Term
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Definition
| fatty substance, wrappings about 1 mm long, formed by Schwann cells, myelin promotes conduction velocity along axons |
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| What are nodes of ranvier? |
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Definition
| between myelin sheath, where action potential jumps during conduction |
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Term
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Definition
| the decision point where temporal and spatial summation comes together |
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Term
| What is a synaptic bouton? |
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Definition
| the end of the axon, little knobs |
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Term
| What makes up the basic structure of a neuron? |
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Definition
soma
dendrites
axon
myelin--sometimes
nodes of ranvier--sometimes
axon hillock
synaptic bouton |
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Term
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Definition
| space between two neurons |
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Definition
| multiple poles or dendritic trees, tend to be sensory system cells |
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Definition
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| only one projection off of cell body, sensory receptors a type of dendritic tree, tend to be some sort of sensory receptor or sensory neuron |
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Term
| What are the major components (cells) of the central nervous system? |
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Definition
neurons
Oligodendroglia
Astroglia
Microglia
Ependymal cells (subtype of endothelial cells)
endothelial cells |
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| What do oligodendrocytes do? |
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Definition
| wrap myelin around the axon |
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| What are oligodendrocytes in the peripheral nervous system called? |
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Definition
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| oligodendrocytes, white then axons covered with myelin (oligodendrocytes), white is white because of the myelin |
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| not myelin, short interneurons |
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Definition
| astroglia extension wraps the capillary, astrocyte is essential in the health and well-being of the neurons, they buffer the pH, they prevent too great a concentration of neurotransmitter, provides growth factors, brings in a variety of nutrients from the blood system, participates in the blood-brain barrier. |
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Definition
| Important in brain function. Thought the brain macrophages, but do much much more of that. Constantly sampling the environment. Little processes constantly reaching out and grabbing. Sampling cytokines (if too many), sampling pH, sampling amount of ATP, tell if something is wrong and react first, microglia know within seconds if something is wrong with the brain. Microglia may release inflammatory cytokines, they may release drug factors to help prevent damage. Emerging role in the function of the brain. Cytokines may influence behavior (not just for inflammation). Very sensitive to chanage and can set up a whole cascade of events depending on stimulus. Change shape depending on what they do. Widely distributed across the brain. If damage to the brain they will go to damaged area. |
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Term
| What do ependymal cells do? |
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Definition
Line ventricles
Form choroid plexus: where cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) formed
Some people think they may be a stem cell
Line ventricles and help form CSF |
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Term
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Definition
| form capillaries of brain, brain is highly metabolically active, it needs lots of nutrients, it is highly vascularited |
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| How do we classify the regions of the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three vesicles during the 3 vesicle stage? |
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Definition
forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain |
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Term
| What are the five vesicles during the five vesicle stage? |
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Definition
telencephalon
diencephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon
myencephalon |
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Term
| What does the forebrain split into going from the 3 vesicle to the 5 vesicle stage? |
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Definition
| forebrain splits into telencephalon and diencephalon |
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Term
| What does the hindbrain split into from the 3 vesicle to the 5 vesicle stage? |
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Definition
metencephalon
myencephalon |
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Term
| What are the major derivatives of the telencephalon? |
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Definition
Cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia
Limbic system
Olfactory bulbs |
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Term
| What are the major derivatives of the diencephalon? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the major derivatives of the mesencephalon? |
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Definition
Substantia Nigra
Tegmentum
Red Nucleus
Reticular formation
Tectum (colliculi) |
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Term
| What are the major derivatives of the metencephalon? |
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Definition
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| What are the major derivatives of the myencephalon? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the hemispheres of the brain? |
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Definition
| right hemisphere and left hemisphere |
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Term
| How many lobes of the brain are there? |
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Definition
| 8 lobes (four on each side) |
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Term
| What are the four lobes of the right and left hemispheres called? |
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Definition
frontal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
temporal lobe |
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Term
| What is the function of the frontal lobe? |
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Definition
| responsible for ability to sit and think, making decisions, judgement, motor region, executive function (ability to make a decision) |
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Term
| What is the function of the parietal lobe? |
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Definition
| sensory related, lots of sensory systems and integration of multiple sensory systems |
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| What is the function of the occipital lobe? |
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Definition
| primary sensory function, vision |
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Term
| What is the function of the temporal lobe? |
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Definition
| involved in learning, cognition, ability to learn and remember, 1 or 2 sensory areas |
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Term
| What are the convolusions of the cerebrum called? |
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Definition
| sulci, gyri, and fissures |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| valleys or grooves in cortex |
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Definition
| a deep sulcis, used as landmarks |
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Definition
| layering around the top of the cerebrum |
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| What is the size of the cortex? |
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Definition
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Definition
| heavily myelinated, connects right and left hemispheres |
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Definition
| covers and protects brain, on the inside of the skull |
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Term
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Definition
| contain cerebrospinal fluid, inside brain under cortex |
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Term
| What are the brain support structures? |
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Definition
meninges
ventricles
cerebral blood flow
blood brain barrier |
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Term
| What are the parts of the meninges? |
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Definition
| dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater |
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Term
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Definition
| right under skull, tough covering, plasticky, very durable, outermost membrane |
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Definition
| on top of subarachnoid space |
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Definition
| essentially one with the top of the brain. Lines every aspect of the brain |
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Term
| What are the ventricles called and in what order does CSF move within them? |
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Definition
lateral ventricle
third ventricle
fourth ventricle
CSF moves from lateral to third to fourth ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| Modified plasma produced and released by specialized epithelial cells called ependymal cells in the choroid plexus, it provides protection and some nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 steps to CSF flow? |
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Definition
1. CSF produced in choroid plexus.
2. LV to 3V
3. 3V to 4V
4. 4V to SA space
5. Leaves to veinous circulation |
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Term
| What are the functions of CSF? |
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Definition
1. cushion/support - fills subdural and sub-arachnoid space
2. Regulation of ion composition/hormone distribution:
- removal of toxic metabolites/xenobiotics
- glucose distribution |
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Term
| What is the blood brain barrier formed by? |
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Definition
| endotherlial cells lining the blood vessels in the CNS |
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Term
| What does the blood brain barrier do? |
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Definition
Allows essential metabolites to pass from blood to brain, but restrict movement of certain molecules
• Isolates & protects the CNS environment |
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Term
| What are the three key functions of the blood brain barrier? |
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Definition
Protect brain from foreign substances in blood
• Shield brain from hormones and neurotransmitters in the rest of the body
• Maintain homeostasis for the brain |
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Term
| What are the exceptions to the blood brain barrier? |
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Definition
Hypothalamus
- hormone release
- releasing factor release
• Area postrema
- “toxicity sensor”
- interface between brain parenchyma and ventricles |
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Term
| What are the five pathways across the blood brain barrier? |
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Definition
1. paracellular aqueous pathway (extremely rare)
2. transcellular lipophilic pathway
3. transport pathway
4. receptor-mediated transcytosis
5. adsorptive transcytosis |
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