Term
| organic molecules are made primarily of what elements? |
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Definition
| Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfer. (CHONPS for short) |
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Term
| variety of carbon backbones |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| large carbon-based molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| smaller organic molecule that is a building block of polymers |
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Term
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Definition
| chain of monomers covalently bonded together. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process that forms polymers. covalently bonds by removing a water molecule. -OH is removed from one molecule and H is removed from the other |
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Term
| Hydrolysis breaks polymers |
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Definition
| adds back the water molecule that was removed |
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Term
| amino acids are the monomers that form what type of polymer |
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Definition
| proteins or polypeptides (the name of the type of bond |
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Term
| 4 levels of protein structure |
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Definition
| primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary |
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Term
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Definition
| specific order of amino acids in a polypeptide (order is determined by DNA) |
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Term
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Definition
| hydrogen bonds form between polar groups of amino acids in polypeptide backbone. |
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Term
| types of secondary structure |
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Definition
| alpha helix (every 4th amino acid is bonded together) and beta pleated sheets. |
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Term
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Definition
| R groups interact to cause more folding (R groups can be polar and they bond with either other polar groups or water. nonpolar R groups fold into the interior to avoid water) |
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Term
| Quaternary structure (only in some polypeptides) |
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Definition
| Protein made with 2 or more polypeptide chains (same type of bonds as tertiary structure) |
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Term
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Definition
| 5-carbon sugar (Deoxyribose or Ribose) bonded to a phosphate group and a nitrogen base group (5 kinds) |
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Term
| what is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose? |
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Definition
| ribose has a hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded to one carbon whereas deoxyribose only has H bonded to that same carbon |
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Term
| Nucleotides form what monomer, which forms what polymer |
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Definition
| nucleic acids which form DNA and RNA |
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Term
Nucleic acids
Monomer?
Polymer? |
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Definition
Monomer-nucleotides
Polymers-DNA and RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Deoxyribose bonded to Nitrogen base and a phosphate group (phosphate has negative charge and causes the double helix shape). |
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Term
| Nucleic acid nitrogen bases |
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Definition
Guanine (double ring) bonds with cytosine (single ring)
Adenine (double ring) bonds with Thymine or Uracil (single ring) |
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Term
| DNA stores genetic information in form of... |
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Definition
| genes that contain sequence for amino acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nitrogen bases bond with corresponding bases on the same strand. This causes folding which is stabilized by hydrogen bonds. |
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Term
| monosaccharides form what polymer |
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Definition
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Term
| Oxygen and hydrogen occur in carbs in what ratio |
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Definition
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Term
| examples of monosaccharides are... |
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Definition
| Glucose, galactose and fructose |
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Term
| 2 monosaccharides bonded together form what? |
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Definition
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Term
| in water, monosaccharides form what shape? |
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Definition
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Term
| many glucose molecules can bond together to form what type of molecule? |
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Definition
| a polysaccharide (or complex carbs) |
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Term
| what are the purposes of the polysaccharides starch, cellulose, and glycogen. |
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Definition
Starch is an energy-storage and carbon-reserve compound in plants and is an important food source for humans.
Cellulose is a structural molecule found in eukaryote cell walls.
Animal muscles and livers store carbs in the form of glycogen.
Polysaccharides consist of many linked monosaccharides and have no fixed size. |
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Term
| lipids are macromolecules that have two primary functions, what are they? |
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Definition
1. Long-term storage of energy and carbon
2. Building of structural parts of cell membranes |
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Term
| fatty acids contain which three elements |
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Definition
| Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but not in a fixed ratio |
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Term
| Why do lipids not dissolve in water? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the building blocks of lipids? |
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Definition
| fatty acids and glycerol. |
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Term
| What is a triglyceride made of? |
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Definition
| Three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule |
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Term
| The properties of fatty acids depend on what? |
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Definition
| the length of the carbon chain and the type of bonds between the carbons |
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Term
| What is the difference between saturated fats and unsaturated fats? |
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Definition
| Saturated fats have single bonds join the carbons but unsaturated fats have some carbon atoms joined by double bonds. |
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Term
| Why are lipids a better way to store energy than carbs? |
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Definition
| because they have more hydrogen and less oxygen. |
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Term
| What are phospholipids formed from? |
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Definition
| two fatty acids, one molecule of glycerol, and a phosphate group. |
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Term
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Definition
| It has a fused four-ring structure with additional side groups. it produces hormones. |
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