Requires a double bond. The Double bond tuns into an OH that connects to each end.

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Turns the double bonds into two seperate carboxylic acids. They appear on each side of the double bond. 

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This is a workup reaction from our last exam. You have to break the double bond and form a double bonded oxygen at each end of the broken bonds. 

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This reaction is very similar for another example. They both do the same thing.

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Another workup reaction. Instead, this actually turns an available H into an alcohol. (pg) 155

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1 degree- aldehyed

2 degree- keytone

3 degree- alcohol

Look at the top picture. (Pg 155)

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K2Cr2O7/H2SO4

Cro3/H2SO4

Kmn04,Oh-

Kmno4,H+

 These are all strong oxidizers. There is a great picture on page 155 of our notes. 

1 degree-Carboxylic Acid

2 degree- Keytones

3-remains and alcohol

aldehyde to C02H

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Ag2O,NH3

Br2,H20

A mild oxidation of aldehydes. This turns an aldehyde into a carboxylic acid. (Pg 155)

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This reaction turns  any R group into a Carboxcylic acid. Remember, there must be a Hydrogen available in the Benzyllic position or else this reaction would be "No Reaction" (Pg 156).

A great page is dedicated to this reaction on page 156.

1)X2, NaOH

2)H3O+

Where X is either Cl,Br, or I

From page 156, This reaction turns a keytone into a carboxcylic acid and the second product would be CHX3.

A great example is on page 156. 

1) NaCN

2) H2O,H3O+,Heat

1) Removes the best leaving group and replaces it with a CN.

2) Turns the CN into a carboxcylic acid.

(Page 157)

*Beware of the keytone.

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1)H20,OH-(excess)

Heat

2)H30+

This reaction will remove the best leaving group, leaving you with a partially negative O2. Finally, the H30+ comes in and turns the CO2- into a carboxylic acid.

Check out page 157 at the very bottom of the page.

Grignard Reaction

1)X2, Fe

2) Mg,ether

3)Co2, H30+

This reaction will initally place your X group onto the benzene ring. The 2nd step will place an Mg in front of the X group. The CO2 will replace the MgX and finally, the H3O+ will turn the CO2- into a carboxcylic acid. (Page 158)

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Will turn an Alcohol into a Cl group. 

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Pg 160 *also page 165

Will actually form an anhydride, which looks like the image below. 

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In addition, look on page 68 on the practice exams for a great example of how this reaction can be used.

HO-R

H+

The H+ will act as a catalyst. The best leaving group will be removed and the O-R group will occupt its place. 

Look on page 160 for a great example.

H---NR2

Heat

This reaction will add an amine group by replacing the leaving group.

Check out page 160 for more details

Order of Reactivity

RCOCl,RCOOCOR,RCOOR, and RCONR2

The order will be described on page 161 in the notes.

They are in order as seen above. 

Very similar to PCl3 or SOCl2, this will remove the best leavign group and replace it with a Cl group. (Page 164)

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Mirgatory Aptitude

What is the Order from fastest to slowest?

H>Phenyl>3*Alkyl>2*Alkyl>1*Alkyl>Methyl

This reaction will add an Oxygen to the place of FASTEST Migratory Aptitude. By memorizing the 6 placements, you will be able to understand this reaction easily. remember to look at the Alpha Carbons.

Great examples are on page 174

1) X2,P

2)H20

X=Cl or Br

1)K2CO3

2) H20,Heat

This reaction will turn the X group into an OH group, and deprotenate a H off an alcohol.

(Page 175) Notes

This reaction will Turn the X group into an NH3 as well as deprotenates the H off the alcohol group.

Check out Page 175 and page 63 of old exams

H2,Pd/C

Low Pressure

This reaction will transform a keytone into an an alcohol. Page 178 shows a great example of how these reactions can do the exact same thing. 

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1)HOCH2CH2OH/H+

2)LiAlH4

3)H30+

Or

LiALH4(Excess)

H2O

This reaction will deprotenate the available electrons off of the Nitrogen and add the hydrogen. This then sends two availbale electrons to the Bromine. In Addition, the X group will become a partial negative group. 

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H2/Raney Ni (Pressure/Heat)

Or

LiBH3CN

HONO2

H2SO4

This eraction will turn a Benzyllic H into a NO2. By coupling it with H, it will turn that NO2 into a NH2.

Page 192

Fe/HCl

OH-

NaNO2

HCl,H2O

(0-5* C)

This reaction will react differently depending on the placement.

1*-Turns the NH2 into a double bonded N=N

2* Will yield a Nitroso derivativeN=O

3* Will actually add the N=O onto the N group; thus making the N +.

Page 194

NaNO2

HCl