Term
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Definition
Monosaccharides (simple sugars) - glucose, galactose, fructose
saccarides (2 sugars) - sucrose, lactose
Polysaccarides (many) - starch - plant food
glycogen - animal food
cellulose - plant cell walls,
paper, fiber
chitin - shells of insects,
strong and flexible |
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Term
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Definition
| fatty acidsTriglycerides (3 fatty acids and a glycerol), Glycerol, phosphate groups (Phospholipids) |
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Term
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Definition
Amino acids - joined by peptide bonds - hair,muscle,
skin
Carboxyl, amino group and R group |
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Term
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Definition
DNA - deoxyribose, phosphate, base
(AT, GC)
RNA - Ribose, Phosphate, Base (GC, AU |
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Term
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Definition
| Compound composed of Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
larger molecules made by linking individual Carbs
ex. Starch (100's of glucose molecules linked together) and glycogen |
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Term
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Definition
-compound that contains carbon and hydrogen and a smaller amount of oxygen
-lipids store energy
- serve as hormones
-build cell membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| all the bonds between the carbon atoms are single bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| one double bond between its carbon atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| compound that consists of smaller molecules called amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hundreds of amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide (a large molecule) |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical substance that speeds up the rated of a chemical reaction ORGANIC CATALYST |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of substances and the rules that govern their behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| anything that occupies space and has mass |
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Term
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Definition
| pure substances that cannot be further broken down |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest unit of an element |
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Term
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Definition
| center of the atom is a nucleus composed of neutrons and protons |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| constantly circle the nucleus and have a negative charge |
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Term
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Definition
| an atom that is charged (unequal number of protons and neutrons) |
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Term
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Definition
| attraction between oppositely charged ions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 2 hydrogen atoms bonded to and oxygen atom |
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Term
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Definition
| substance made of 2 or more elements (like a compound word that is made of 2 words) |
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Term
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Definition
| when atoms bond, a molecule is formed |
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Term
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Definition
| express the number and type of atoms in a compound |
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Term
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Definition
| show where the atoms are actually located and the arrangement of the chemical bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| takes place when the atoms of a substance bond with 2 atoms or compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| altering the state of something or its appearance without electron sharing or giving (ice changed to water) |
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Term
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Definition
| formed when 2 substances are combined without chemical bonding (ex. water and sand) |
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Term
| Why is an understanding of chemistry important for an understanding of biology? |
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Definition
| you must understand chemistry (the study of substances and the rules that govern their behavior) to understand biology bc biologists are studying the very processes of life in which changes in matter must take place. |
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Term
| Define 2 components of the physical world |
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Definition
matter (anything that occupies space and has mass)
energy (the ability to do work or cause change) |
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Term
| What elements are essential to life? What are their chemical symbols? |
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Definition
| Hydrogen (H), Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Rubidium (Rb) |
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Term
| Describe an atom. What is the significance of its electron configuration? |
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Definition
- the smallest unit of an element
- the electron configuration determines the type of atom |
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Term
| Name and describe two primary types of chemical bonding |
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Definition
Ionic - attraction between oppositely charged ions
Covalent - sharing of electrons |
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Term
| Define and compare the following: atom, ion, molecule, compound, mixture |
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Definition
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Term
| What things can a scientist determine (a) by studying a molecular formula of a compound and (b) by studying a structural formula of a compound? |
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Definition
(a) number and type of atoms
(b) Where the atoms are actually located and the arrangement of the chemical bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to do work or to cause change |
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Term
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Definition
| energy of motion (ex. falling, heat, light and electricity) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| man's statements of how energy changes occur |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in randomness and loss of usable energy |
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Term
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Definition
| the energy necessary to start a reaction |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Name, describe and give examples or two basic forms of energy |
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Definition
Kinetic - energy of motion
Potential - stored energy |
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Term
| First Law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| In any process, energy is neither created no destroyed. Energy can change from one form to the other, but there is always as much at the end as there was at the beginning |
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Term
| Second Law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| Whenever energy is used (changed from one form to the other), some of it is rendered unusable (some of the energy radiates out of the object, usually as heat or light. |
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Term
| Describe how heat affects the molecules of a substance. |
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Definition
| It causes the molecules to move faster |
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Term
| According the heat energy involved, what are the two basic types of chemical reactions? |
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Definition
1. endothermic - those that require or absorb heat
2. exothermic - those that give off heat |
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Term
| List two attributes of a catalyst. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a homogeneous mixture of one or more substances within another substance |
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Term
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Definition
| the substance that is dissolved |
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Term
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Definition
| the substance in which it is dissolved |
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Term
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Definition
| the concentration of a solution is the ratio of the solute in the solvent |
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Term
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Definition
amixture in which the kinetic energy of them molecules is not sufficient to maintain the large solute particles evenly dispersed within the solvent
ex. flour will be suspended in water, initially |
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Term
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Definition
| A specialized mixture in which the particles of colloid are a size that is between that of the particles in a true solution and that of the particles in a suspension. |
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Term
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Definition
| A molecule with charged poles is said to be a polar molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| The positive pole of one water molecule attracts the negative pole of another water molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| the net movement of molecules form an area of higher concentration of a substance to an area of lower concentration of that substance |
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Term
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Definition
| A state in which there are no longer places of higher and lower concentrations - diffusion stops |
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Term
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Definition
| the difference between numbers of one type of molecule in two adjacent areas (refer to pg 50) |
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Term
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Definition
| Is based on the relative concentrations of the adjacent areas (pg 50) |
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Term
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Definition
| A barrier that allows passage of all molecules is said to be Permeable |
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Term
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Definition
| a membrane that allow some molecules to pass through and not others |
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Term
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Definition
| diffusion of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| a compound that donates hydrogen ions when dissolved in water |
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Term
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Definition
| a compound that releases hydroxyl ions when it is dissolved in water |
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Term
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Definition
| When an acid and base are put together they neutralize each other, forming a salt and water |
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Term
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Definition
Stands for "potential of hydrogen"
The acidity (amount of hydrogen ions) or the alkalinity (amount of hydroxyl ions) of a solution is usually expressed in terms of this value (pH) |
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Term
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Definition
-a substance that will combine with either H+ or OH-
- it keeps the pH within a tolerable range |
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Term
| What are two of the most important physical processes that affect organisms? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between a solute and a solvent? |
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Definition
| The solute is the substance that is dissolved (ex. sugar) and the solvent is the substance in which it is dissolved (ex. water) |
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Term
| Describe diffusion and give two examples of how it occurs in the home |
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Definition
molecules that move from an area of higher concentration of a substance to an area of lower concentration
ex. if a bottle of perfume is left open, the molecules of the perfume will diffuse and leave the fluid and enter the air
ex.When you drop a drop of food coloring into a glass of water, the color moves out eventually until there is an equilibrium (equal amount of it) in the glass of water. This is diffusion. The color diffuses from the higher area of concentration (where it hit the water) to areas of low concentration (the rest of the water) until the concentrations reach equilibrium. |
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Term
| List two main differences between diffusion and osmosis |
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Definition
| Diffusion is the movement of particles from higher concentration to lower, Osmosis is the movement of water across a membrane. (Not sure about the correct answer to this - refer to pages 49-51) |
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Term
| Where does the energy needed for the movement of molecules in diffusion and osmosis come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| List and compare the characteristics of a solution, a suspensions, and colloid. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe acid and base; also explain what happened when the two are mixed together |
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Definition
acid donates hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water
base - a compound that releases hydroxyl ion (OH-) when dissolved in water
when mixed together the neutralize each other forming a salt and water |
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Term
| What scale describes the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance? What range of values indicates an acidic solution? An alkaline solution? A neutral solution? |
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Definition
-pH expresses the value of acidity or alkalinity
- range of values that indicate and acidic solution: 0-6
- range of values that indicates alkalinity is 8-14
-neutral is 7 |
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Term
| What are the causes and effects of acid rain, and who is acid rain a difficulty problem to solve? |
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Definition
causes: car exhausts an industrial burning of coal and oil release sulfur and nitrogen which turn into acid rain when mixed with atmospheric water
effects: natural buffers in soils and waters are are used up b/c of too much acid rain, plants die, animals are deformed and die
difficult to solve: b/c of the chemicals needed and used in industry |
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Term
| An atom has all the characteristics of and is the smallest unit of a/an ____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The nucleus of an atom is made up of______________ |
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Definition
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Term
| A chemical bond characterized by sharing electrons is called a _______________ bond. |
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Definition
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Term
| The amount of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction is called_________________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The first law of thermodynamics states that_________________ |
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Definition
| energy and matter can be neither created nor destroyed |
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Term
| When only water diffuses through a semipermeable membrane, the process is termed_________________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Catalysts affect the rate of a reaction by __________ |
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Definition
| decreasing the amount of activation energy needed |
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Term
| An aqueous solution that has an excess of hydrogen ions would_______________ |
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Definition
| be an acid (have a pH lower than 7) |
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Term
| When mixed together, an acid and a base neutralize each other, forming |
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Definition
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Term
| If a bottle of ammonia is spilled in the basement and you begin to smell it upstairs, what process has occurred? |
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Definition
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Term
| Chemical retains that release heat are called _________ reactions. |
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Definition
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Term
| List the three normal states of matter in order of increasing kinetic energy. |
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Definition
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Term
| In a solution of seawater, is water the solute or the solvent? |
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Definition
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Term
| List four characteristics of water that contribute to it's unique biological importance. |
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Definition
-polarity of the molecule
-shape of molecule
-specific heat
-the hydrogen bonds between the molecules |
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Term
| Organic chemistry is called the chemistry of _________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the putting together of substances by living things; it is essential to life |
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Term
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Definition
| the theory that life is more than the chemicals which make up living things |
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Term
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Definition
| based on the carbon atom and its unusual bonding characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| the chain or ring upon which the remainder of the molecule is built |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins that serve as organic catalysts that speed up chemical reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| a part of the surface of the enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| the molecule with which the enzyme will bind |
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Term
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Definition
| nonprotein substances that fit into the active site so that it will accept the substrate (ex. vitamins) |
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Term
| what is the difference between organic compounds and inorganic compounds? |
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Definition
Organic compounds - based on the carbonate atom
Inorganic compounds - come primarily from minerals |
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Term
| List three characteristics of the carbon atom that are important in forming organic compounds. |
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Definition
-readily form covalent bonds
-the carbon backbone allows for a variety of molecules to be formed
-it also allows for different types of bonds to affect the shape with is very important in organic chem |
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Term
| List the 3 primary functions of organic compounds |
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Definition
Structural
Enzymatic
Storage |
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Term
| What chemical element is found in all organic compounds? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| basic units of carbohydrates |
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Term
| Why is it accurate to say that enzymes are essential to physical life? |
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Definition
-they catalyze every reaction within a living organism
-every organic substance that makes up an organism is produced in a chemical retain controlled by enzymes |
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Term
| What substances make up carb? what characteristics do carbs have? |
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Definition
- carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
-they are organic, store energy and important in structural opponents of organisms |
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Term
| Describe the difference between hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules. |
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Definition
phobic- repelled by water
phylic - attracted to water |
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Term
| If a scientist were to assemble a living thing from nonliving parts, would this disprove the Bible? |
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Definition
| No, bc the Bible does not tell us that man will not be able to put together a living thing. Using nonliving parts to assemble a living thing would support the idea God's creation and that it didn't happen by accident. |
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Term
| Self quiz:List the 4 main groups of organic compounds. |
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Definition
| carbs, lipids proteins and nucleic acids |
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Term
| Self quiz: How many pairs of electrons can carbon atoms share with other atoms? |
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Definition
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Term
| Self quiz: Phospholipids are distinguishable from other lipids by the presence of a/an _______________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Self quiz: A disaccharide is formed when two sugars combine in a process called ________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Plants normally store energy as starch. Humans store energy as ___________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Self quiz: A nucleotide is made of all of the following except a sugar, lipid, base or phosphate. |
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Definition
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Term
| Self quiz: RNA is chemically different from DNA b/c RNA contains ______________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Self quiz: An unsaturated triglyceride is characterized by |
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Definition
| being liquid at room temperature |
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Term
| Self quiz: DNA produces copies of itself by a process called |
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Definition
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Term
| Self quiz: The hydrophobic end of a fatty acid |
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Definition
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Term
| Self quiz: Phosphorus is an important element in which molecules? |
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Definition
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Term
| Self quiz: In a hydrolysis reaction a ____________ molecule is used |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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