Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry Review
73
Chemistry
Undergraduate 1
08/29/2007

Additional Chemistry Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
AMINO ACID
Definition
    Amphoteric - act as acid and base All have chiral center (x/ glycine) L is the natural occurig form (NH2 on L) In neutral solution form zwitterion - dipolar ion at pI (isoelectric pH)
Term
EQUIVALENT POINT
Definition
Equimolar
Mole [OH-] added = Mole [H+] present
Term
HALF EQUIVALENT POINT
Definition
pH = pKa
Term
TITRATION OF AMINO ACID
Definition
1. COOH deprotonated before NH3
2. 2 moles of base for 1 mole of a.a
3. Buffer capacity is greatest at pKa1 and pKa2 but smallest at pI
4. pH of equivalent point is not usually 7
5. Indicator (weak acid-not involved in rxn) - best when closest to equi. pH
HA(color 1) + H2O -> H3O + A- (color 2)
* if [H3O] > Ka, sln will be color 1
Term
HENDERSON- HASSELBALCH EQUATION
Definition
pH = pKa - log [con. BASE]/ [con. ACID]
Term
NEUTRALIZATION
Definition
EXOthermic rxn -> formation of something stable Always give Salt and Water pH DOES NOT equal to 7 Depends on the acidity/basicity of the salt
Term
BUFFER
Definition
    1. Weak Acid and salt of its conjugate base or 2. Weak Base and salt of its conjugate acid 3. Use acid with pKa close to pH that you want to maintain 4. Increase [buffer] = Increase Efficiency
Term
NON-POLAR AMINO ACID
Definition

R = CHO, Hydrophobic,↓solubilty, INSIDE or at core of proteins or transmembrane to avoid H2O
Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Proline, Phenyl alanine, Glycine, Thryptophan

Term
POLAR AMINO ACID
Definition

R= Polar, Uncharged
HydroPHILIC, ↑ solubility, on SURFACE of protein
Methioninine, Serine, Theroine, Cystein, Tyrosine, Asparagine, Glutamine

Term
ACIDIC AMINO ACID
Definition
R = COOH group - at Physiological pH = 7.4 Have 3 distinct pKa's - 3 mole of base is needed for neutralization Important in substrate binding sites of enzymes
Term
BASIC AMINO ACID
Definition
R= NH2 + at physiological pH = 7.4 3 moles of acid is needed to neutralize 1 mole of base Arginine, Lyscine, Histidine
Term
PEPTIDE
Definition
Amino Acid subunits Peptide bond= Amide bond formed via condensation (water is loss) Rotation about the C-N bond is limited because resonance give C-N a partial double bond character
Term
PROTEIN
Definition
1° = sequence of a.a 2° = local structure of neighboring a.a due to H-bonding α helix (keratin) β pleated sheet 3°= 3D shape of protein due to hydrophilic/Hydrophobic interaction between R groups of a.a Disulfide bond → loops in protein chain Proline can't fit into α helix → kink in chain Fibrous = sheets/long strands (collagen) Globulous = spherical (myoglobin> 4° = Arrangement of polypeptide subunit (Hemoglobin = 4 subunits)
Term
CONJUGATED PROTEINS
Definition
Attached to prosthetic group (organic molecules or metal)
Term
DENATURIZATION
Definition
Loss of 3D (3° structure → random coil state- disruption of INTERmolecular forces)
Due to detergent, change in pH, Temp, [solute]
Some protein can REnature
Term
EPIMERS
Definition
Different in configuration at ONLY ONE carbon
Term
ANOMERS
Definition
Differ in conjugation ONLY at the newly formed chiral center
Term
KETOSE
Definition
Fructose
Term
ALDOSE
Definition
Glucose
Galactose
Manose
Term
MUTAROTATION
Definition
Allow α → α + β
or
β → α + β
Term
GLYCOSIDIC REACTIONS
Definition
[image] Hemiacetal + Alcohol → Acetal Both α and β linkages are formed
Term
DISACCHARIDES
Definition
Due to glycosidic linkages between C1-C4, C1-C6 or C1-C2
α or β
In body, enzymes ar eneeded to ensure the right glysidic bond is form.
Without enzymes, reactions are NONspecific and never stopping at disaccharide level
Term
GLUCOSE POLYSACCHARIDES
Definition
Cellulose = β 1,4 Structure components of PLANT
Starch = α 1,4(some 1,6) Stored energy in PLANT
Glycogen= α 1,4 (some 1,6) Stored energy in ANIMAL
* Cellulose can't be ingested by human
Term
IR
Definition
Measure vibrations - Stretching, bending and rotation of a molecule - Stretching and bending can be Symmetric or Asymmetric Light → excited state (3500-300 cm-1
Term
FINGER PRINT
Definition
400-1500 cm-1 Characteristic of a molecule, frequently used to identify a substance
Term
SYMMETRIC STRETCH
Definition
DO NOT show in IR because no net change in dipole moment
Term
IR ALKANES
Definition
C-H 2800-3000
C-H 1200
Term
IR ALKENES
Definition
=C-H 3080-3140
C=C 1645
Term
IR ALKYNES
Definition
C ≡ C 2200
≡ C-H 3300
Term
IR Aromatic
Definition
C-H 2900-3100
C-C 1475-1625
Term
IR ALCOHOL
Definition
O-H (broad) 3100-3500
Term
IR ETHER
Definition
C-O 1050-1150
Term
IR ALDEHYDE
Definition
(0)C-H 2700-2900
C=O 1725-1750
Term
IR ACIDS
Definition
C=O 1700-1750
O-H (broad) 2900-3300
Term
IR KETONES
Definition
C=0(Sharp) 1700-1750
Term
IR AMINES
Definition
N-H (Sharp) 3100-3500
Term
C-NMR
Definition
Larger sample
NO coupling except between carbons and hydrogens directly attached to them
Spin decoupling: record without coupling of adjacent protons
Show: # of C's with relative chemical environment
# of H's (spin coupling NMR's)
Term
UV
Definition
Pass light, observe Absorbance
Beer Law
A= ebc
Most useful for studying compound wit double bonds and heteroatoms with lone pairs
Term
MASS SPECTROSCOPY
Definition
Pass light, measure mass of particle
Sample is ruined afterward
1. cation radical decompose → mass/charge ratio
2. base peak = tallest peak (% of 100)
3. Molecular ion peak = highest m/e peak
Term
CARBOXYLIC ACID
Definition
- suffix - ate 1. Polar 2. Able to form H-bond 3. Greater bp than alcohol 4. Acidity is due to resonance stabilization of conjugate base 5. β H's are extremely acidic because its loss → stable carbanion 6. Acidity can be enhanced by adding EN gr. or other potential resonance structre
Term
NITRILES
Definition
aka CYANIDE has CN- group = good [NUC-] for 1°, 2° SN2 reactions
Term
SYNTHESIS OF CARBOXYLIC ACID
Definition
1. Oxidation of alcohol (using KMNO4) 2. Ginard reagents (1 additional C) 3° alkyl halide → carboxylic acid 3. Hydrolysis of nitriles (1 additional C) CH3Cl → CH3CN→ CH3COOH + NH4-
Term
SOAP FORMATION
Definition
RCOOH + NaOH → ROO-Na+ (soap) + H2O Soap tends to rearrange into micelles (like mb) with polar head outward and nonpolar tails inward to dissolve grease Micelle (as a whole) is soluable in water because of polar shell
Term
ORDER OF REACTIVITY
Definition
Acyl halide > anhydrides> Esters> Amindes
Term
ANHYDRIDES
Definition
= without water
2 ACID → condensation→ Anhydrides
Term
AMIDES
Definition
[image] Form from 1° or 2° amine
Term
HOFFMANN REARRANGEMENT
Definition
Amides → 1° with loss of carbon[image]
Term
ESTERS
Definition
ACID + ALCOHOL → ESTER [image]
Term
SAPONIFICATION
Definition
Fats( triacylglycerols) are hydrolyzed under basic condition
Term
AMINES[image]
Definition
prefix amino- Boiling point is lower than alcohol because N has lower EN 3° amine can't H-bond thus have lower bp than 1° and 2° sp3 - able to undergoes nitrogen inversion (low Ea - 6 kcal/mol) * optically active if inversion is hindered Weak Acid
Term
DRUGS WITH AMINES GROUP
Definition
Nitroglycerine relaxants: relieve coronary arteries spasms for chest pain Nitrous oxide relaxants : dental anesthetic
Term
GABRIEL SYNTHESIS
Definition
Primary Akyl halide → 1° amine (no side products) [image]
Term
EXHAUSTIVE METHYLATION
Definition
aka Hoffmann Elimination [image]
Term
MICHAEL ADDITION
Definition
[image]
Term
ALDOL CONDENSATION
Definition
[image]
Term
STRUCTURAL ISOMERS
Definition
Most Different
Different in MOLECULAR FOMRMULA
Term
CHIRALITY
Definition
Chiral = nonsuperimposable
Achiral - super imposable
*rotation doesn't change chirality
Differences in chirality can produce enantiomers (nonsuperimposed mirror images) or diastereomers ( diff, in chirality but not mirror images)
Term
GEOMETRY ISOMERS
Definition
Different around DOUBLE BOND
cis vs. trans
Different in physicial properties (mp or bp)
Similar Reactivity
Term
ENANTIOMERS
Definition
Chiral molecules Identical properties but different in optical activity
Term
MESO COMPOUND
Definition
Chiral but not optical active because of internal plane of symmetry
Term
OPTICAL ACTIVITY
Definition
Ability to rotate plane in polarized light
+ dextrorotary - R
- Levorotary - L
α (angle of rotation) - observed oration/ [] g/ml x leight dm
Term
RACEMIC MIXTURE
Definition
Mixture of equal concentration of + and = enantiomers
Term
DIASTERIOMERS
Definition
2+ chiral centers

Different in chirality but not mirror images

R,S vs. R,R
Term
CONFORMATION ISOMERS
Definition
Different ONLY by rotation about 1 or more single bond "gauche" vs " eclipse"
Term
ALKANES
Definition
↑ chain length → ↑ bp, mp , density
&branching → ↓ bp, mp, density
Stablity of carbocation and free radical
3° > 2° > 1° > methyl
Term
PYROLYSIS
Definition
Molecules is broken down by heat
aka: craking → radicals
Term
NUCLEOPHILES
Definition
1. Basicity
RO-> HO->RCO2-> ROH> H2O
2. Size and Polarity
- Protic solution (able to H-bonding)
CN-> I-> RO-> HO-> Br-> Cl-> F-> H2O
- Aprotic solution
F-> Cl> Br> I
3. Larger atom = better Nuc
Term
LEAVING GROUP
Definition
Weak acid = best
I> Br > Cl > F
Term
SN1
Definition
Rate is dependant on the formation of carbocation Condition is chosen so that the second step is IRREVERSIBLE rate = k[S]
Term
ACCELERATE FORMATION OF CARBOCATION
Definition
1. Structural factors: more subs → more stable carbocation → better SN1 2. Solvent effect: Polar Solvent (better at surrounding and isolating ions) Protic polar is best (solvation stabilize intermediate) 3. LG : weak bases dissociate more easily
Term
INTERMEDIATE
Definition
Well defined species with a finite lifetime
Term
TRANSITION STATE
Definition
Theoretical structure used to define mechanism
Term
SN1 vs SN2
Definition
SN1
2 steps
Favored : polar PROTIC solvent
3>2>1
racemic products (loss of optical activity)
Favored the use of bulky [Nuc]

SN2
1 step - concerted
Favor: polar APROTIC solvent
1>2>3
rate = k[RX][Nuc]
Optically active / inverted products
Supporting users have an ad free experience!