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Organic Chemistry Vocabulary
Vocabulary from BJU Chemistry, Organic Chemistry Chapter
35
Chemistry
12th Grade
06/09/2009

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Term
aliphatic compound
Definition
a carbon chain, or a ring of carbon made from a carbon chain
Term
aromatic compound
Definition
a carbon ring with free electrons floating above and below the carbons
Term
hydrocarbon
Definition
a hydrogen and carbon molecule
Term
alkane
Definition
a hydrocarbon containing only single bonds. They are saturated.
Term
saturated
Definition
each carbon has four atoms bonded to it. No double/triple bonds are present.
Term
alkyl group
Definition
an R group, essentially an alkane that's missing one H
Term
substituent
Definition
an atom or a group of atoms that takes the place of an H
Term
structural isomer
Definition
same formula, different structure
Term
alkene
Definition
a hydrocarbon containing one or more double bonds, making it unsaturated by the way
Term
unsaturated
Definition
a hydrocarbon which has a carbon atom which is bonded to fewer than four other atoms, normally due to a double or triple bond.
Term
alkyne
Definition
a hydrocarbon containing one or more triple bonds
Term
cyclic aliphatic compound
Definition
a hydrocarbon in a ring that does not have free electrons
Term
delocalized electrons
Definition
a term for the electrons in an aromatic compound, such as a benzene ring, where all electrons for all carbons are free to roam
Term
functional group
Definition
a group of atoms which takes the place of an H in a hydrocarbon and changes the structure and reaction pattern of a hydrocarbon
Term
alkyl halide
Definition
an alkyl group which has a halogen bonded to it
Term
aryl group
Definition
an -Ar group, essentially an aromatic hydrocarbon with one of the H's missing.
Term
aryl halide
Definition
a halogen bonded to an aryl group
Term
alcohol
Definition
R-OH
Term
polyhydroxy alcohol
Definition
a hydrocarbon which has more than one alcohol functional groups
Term
ether
Definition
R-O-R
Term
aldehyde
Definition
Essentially R-C=O and an additional H bonded to the C. Must be at the end of a molecule
Term
carbonyl group
Definition
C=O
Term
ketone
Definition
aldehyde, but in the middle of a hydrocarbon (and missing the H)
Term
carboxylic acid
Definition
C bonded to an alcohol and double bonded to an O
Term
carboxyl group
Definition
COOH group
Term
fatty acid
Definition
carbon chains with twelve to twenty C, with a carboxyl group on the end.
Term
ester
Definition
when the hydrogen of the carboxyl group is replaced with another hydrocarbon alkyl group
Term
amines
Definition
ammonia is the parent, form when hydrogen is replaced with other atoms or grops of atoms. So go from NH3 to N with up to three other things bonded to it instead of H
Term
amide
Definition
form when an amine takes the place of the -OH in carboxylic acid. So the N is bonded to the C and to two hydrogens
Term
substitution reactions
Definition
replace one part of a molecule with another
Term
addition reaction
Definition
when a double bond or triple bond is broken and two or more atoms or groups of atoms are added.
Term
condensation reactions
Definition
when molecules combine and give off a water molecule
Term
polymers
Definition
substances that consist of huge molecules that have repeating units
Term
esterfication
Definition
the process by which a hydrocarbon with an alcohol group and a hydrocarbon with a carboxylic acid join in a condensation reaction to form an ester and give off a water molecule
Term
hydrolysis
Definition
when water works into the functional group of a hydrocarbon and breaks it into two hydrocarbons, one with an alcohol, the other with a carboxylic acid functional group.
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