Term
| Three major luminal wall layers of blood vessels |
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Definition
Tunica Intima
Tunica Media
Tunica Adventitia |
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Term
| Tunica Intima is a continuation of... |
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Definition
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Term
| Tunica Media is a continuation of... |
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Definition
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Term
| Tunica adventitia is a continuation of... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
AKA Conducting arteries
Ex. Aorta, Common Iliacs, Carotid, Brachiocephalic, Subclavian |
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Term
Elastic A.Tunica Intima
Structure |
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Definition
Thicker CT
Collogen I, Fibroblasts, Smooth muscle cells
Thin (incomplete internal elastic lamina) |
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Term
Elastic A. Tunica media
structure |
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Definition
Thickest
Primarily fenestrated sheets of elastic fibers
Some collogen I and smooth muscle
Thin external elastic lamina
Vasa Vasorium in outer parts |
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Term
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Definition
| small blood vessels of the larger blood vessels |
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Term
Elastic A. Tunica Adventitia
Structure |
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Definition
Loose fibroelastic CT
Vasa Vasorum |
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Term
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Definition
Distributing arteries
Ex. Brachial, Radial, Renal, Femoral |
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Term
Tunica intima of Muscular Arteries
Structure |
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Definition
Endothelium
Some CT - a few smooth muscle cells possible
Internal elastic lamina |
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Term
Tunica Media of Distributing arteries
Structure |
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Definition
Primary circular smooth muscle
Gap junctions between smooth muscle cells
Elastic and reticular fibers, chondroitin sulfate
External elastic lamina possible
Richly innervated with sympathetics-control lumen size, strong specific contractions- decrease lumen size |
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Term
Tunica adventitia of distributing arteries
structure |
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Definition
Fibroelastic CT with sulfated GAG's
Fibroblasts
Vasa Vasorum |
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Term
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Definition
Lumen size about the same as wall width
Tunica structures similar to muscular arteries |
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Term
| Aging Vs. elastic arteries |
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Definition
Width increases into your 20's
# of elastic lamina increasing in that time. |
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Term
| Aging vs. Muscular Arteries |
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Definition
| Collagen and various protioglycans increase after middle age: flexibility of wall decreases (coronary vessels are greatly affected) |
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Term
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Definition
At 50 elastic fibers will break down and some are replaced with Collogen I.
Increase in SYSTOLIC pressure (Coll I does not stretch) |
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Term
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Definition
AKA Atherosclerosis
Hardening of the arteries
Primarily in largest of the arteries
Tunica intima becomes infiltrated with soft lipids causing lumen diameter to decrease.
Tunica media can often be affected - collagen I and sulfated GAG's can accumulate in the tunica media. |
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Term
| Elastic Arteries and Atherosclerosis |
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Definition
Blood moving very fast, cell in tunica intima have trouble surviving.
Tunica intima is prone to injury, irritation and infection.
Degeneratice changes may occur in tunica intima; i.e. Accumulation of macrophages, platelets and smooth muscle cells and collagen, proteoglycans and lipids.
Increase in tunica intima width therefore a decrease in lumen size. |
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Term
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Definition
Overflow prevention system
Present with all capillary beds (usually 2+)
Wider lumen than capillaries. |
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Term
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Definition
Arteriovenous Anastomosis / AV shunt
"Bypass System"
Wide lumen
thick tunica media
not found everywhere, In skin and stomach |
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Term
| Blood flow into capillaries is controlled/influenced by: |
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Definition
Lumen size of terminal arteriole
Metarterioles
AVA
Precapillary sphincters |
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Term
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Definition
| Single layer of flattened endothelial cells. |
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Term
Capillary Structure
Pinocytotic Vesicles |
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Definition
Form transient channels through cytoplasm.
Function: movement of the larger macromolecules. Ex. many proteins, hormones |
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Term
Capillary structure
Cell Junctions |
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Definition
Fasciae (spotty) occludens between endothelial cells
Function: A. Exchange of macromolecules
B. Allow cell movement b/w fasciae occludens |
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Term
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Definition
| Most common capillary type |
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Term
Continuous Capillaries
Location |
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Definition
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Term
Continuous capillaries
Structure |
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Definition
General Capillary structure
Cells- Single layer of flattened endothelial cells
Pinocytotic vesicle
Fasciae occludens between endothelial cells |
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Term
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Definition
Residual mesenchyme cells
Numerous on capillaries and venules
Secrete basement membrane and matrix components
Can divide
Can change into endothelial cells, smooth muscles, and fibroblasts
Contain contractile fillaments |
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Term
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Definition
Healing small blood vessels
Regulate blood flow (theory/potential) |
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Term
| Modified continuous capillary |
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Definition
In CNS
Zonula occludens instead of fasciae occludens
Barrier regulation by endothelium but influenced by astrocytes |
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Term
Fenestrated capillaries
Location |
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Definition
| Pancreas, intestines, endocrine organs |
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Term
Fenestrated capillaries
Structure |
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Definition
pores with thin protein diaphragm containing 8 fibrils
Fibrils have gaps |
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Term
Fenestrated capillaries
Function |
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Definition
| Allow greater movement of macromolecules and cells |
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Term
Sinusoidal capillaries
Locations |
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Definition
| Bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymphatic organs and certain endocrine organs |
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Term
Sinusoidal capillaries
Structure |
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Definition
Enlarged diameter
Large fenestrae (gaps with no diaphragms) |
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Term
Sinusoidal capillaries
Function |
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Definition
Enhance the exchange between blood and cells.
Form of open circulation |
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Term
| Similarities between Veins and Arteries |
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Definition
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Term
| Differences between arteries and veins |
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Definition
Veins:
are not as uniform
There are greater in number
Larger in diameter |
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Term
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Definition
2 Flaps of tunica intima
Extra fibroelastic CT |
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Term
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Definition
Prevent backflow
Works with skeletal muscle to keep blood moving |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Postcapillary venules
Tunica Intima |
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Definition
Endothelium
Small amounts of CT
Numerous Pericytes |
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Term
Postcapillary venules
Tunica media |
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Definition
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Term
Postcapillary venules
Tunica Adventitia |
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Definition
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Term
Collecting venules
Tunica Intima |
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Definition
Endothelium
Small amounts of CT |
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Term
Collecting venules
Tunica media |
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Definition
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Term
Collecting Venules
Tunica adventitia |
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Definition
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Term
Muscular venules
Tunica intima |
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Definition
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Term
Muscular venules
Tunica media |
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Definition
incomplete
smooth muscle present |
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Term
Muscular venules
Tunica adventitia |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Products of inflamation loosen junction between endothelial cells and tunica intima- leaky vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar to venules, except they have a complete tunica media |
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Term
Medium Veins
Tunica intima |
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Definition
Endothelium
Basal lamina
CT with reticular fibers
Sometimes elastic fiber network (but no IEL) |
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Term
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Definition
Smooth muscle
collagen
fibroblasts |
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Term
Medium Veins
Tunica adventitia |
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Definition
CT with collagen and elastic fibers
Few smooth muscle cells
Vasa vasorium possible |
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Term
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Definition
Similar to medium veins
Thicker CT with fibroblasts and elastic fiber network |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Large veins
Tunica adventitia |
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Definition
thickest tunic in the large veins
Much fibroelastic CT
Vasa vasorum |
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Term
Superficial veins of legs
Tunica media |
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Definition
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Term
Pulmonary veins
Tunica media |
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Definition
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Term
Pulmonary veins
Tunica adventitia |
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Definition
| Some cardiac muscle close to heart |
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Term
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Definition
| Tunica adventitia has cardiac ms. close to heart |
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Term
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Definition
| Thunica adventitia is smooth muscle |
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Term
Varicose veins
Possible causes |
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Definition
Valve incompetence
Degeneration of vein walls
Loss of muscle tone |
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Term
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Definition
Varicose veins in lower esophagus
Common in alchoholics
Caused by portal hypertension |
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Term
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Definition
| Varicose veins at the end of the anal canal |
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Term
| Functions of the Respiratory System |
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Definition
C02 exchange*
Air Condition
Phonection
Olfaction
Provide Defense
*Respiratory, no* conductive |
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Term
| 3 tiers of Filtration system |
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Definition
Large Particle
Medium Particle
Small Particle |
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Term
Vestibule
Surface Epithelium |
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Definition
| Continuous with the skin, keritonized squamous epitheliem. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Vestibule
Additional Features |
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Definition
| Vibrissae=large particle filter |
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Term
| Functions of respiratory region |
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Definition
Warming air
Cleaning air
Humidifying air
Provide defense |
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Term
Respiratory Region
Surface epithelium (and cells) |
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Definition
Respiratory Epithelium
Ciliated Pseudostratified epithelium
Cells: Basal, goblet, sustentacular |
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Term
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Definition
Accomplish mucociliary clearance. Related to sustentacular cells.
Medium particle filter |
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Term
Respiratory regions
Glands |
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Definition
Found in lamina propria of mucossa
Seromucus Glands |
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Term
Seromucus glands
Mucus portion |
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Definition
| Contibute mucus for mucocilliary clearance and to humidify air. |
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Term
Serromucus Glands
Serous Products |
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Definition
Lysosyme: antibacterial
Interfurons: antiviral
Cytokines: Chemical messengers, stimulate deffensive cells |
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Term
Cavernous plexus
Location
Structure |
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Definition
In lamina propria of respiratory region.
Many large venules, typically partially filled |
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Term
| Functions of cavernous plexus |
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Definition
Warm the air
Humidify the air
Provide defense~Inflamation process (side effect) |
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Term
| Inflamation process in cavernous plexus |
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Definition
Increase blood flow into region venules enlarge
Increase Lamina Propria size~Decrease lumen size (stuffy nose)
Increase blood~Increase O2~Stimulate seromucos secretion~runny nose |
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Term
Olfactory region
Surface epithelium |
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Definition
| Olfactory epithelium with sustentacular, basal, and olfactory cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bipolar nuerons with olfactory cilia extending onto the epithelial surface. |
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Term
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Definition
unmyelinated with a sheath of Schwann cells
Passes through cribriform plate to connect to olfactory bulb |
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Term
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Definition
Bowman's glands
Produces a serous product to "cleanse" olfactory cilia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Paranasal Sinuses
Where found |
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Definition
| Ethmoid, Sphenoid, frontal, and maxilla bones |
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Term
Paranasal Sinuses
Epithelium |
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Definition
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Term
Paranasal Sinuses
Lamina Propria |
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Definition
Thin
Seromucus glands
Quite vascular |
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Term
Paranasal Sinuses
Possible problem |
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Definition
some have extra small ostia
LP can swell and block ostia, increasing sinus infections. |
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Term
| Three subdivisions of the Pharynx |
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Definition
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx |
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Term
Nasopharynx,Oropharynx,Laryngopharynx
Mucosa, Surface epithelium |
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Definition
Nasopharynx: respiratory epithelium w/ mucocilliary clearance
Oropharynx: Stratified Squamous
Laryngopharynx: Stratified Squamous |
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Term
Nasopharynx,Oropharynx,Laryngopharynx
LP: |
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Definition
Nasopharynx: Pharyngel tonsils (adenoids), Tubal tonsils
Oropharynx: Palantine tonsils, lingual tonsils
Laryngopharynx: None, no tonsils! |
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Term
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx
MM |
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Definition
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Term
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx
Submucosa |
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Definition
Pharyngobasilar fascia
Collagen in periosteum of basilar portion of the occiput blending into submucosa of the pharynx. |
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Term
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx
Muscularis Externus |
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Definition
All skeletal muscle (control swallowing)
Reverse pattern (also in ureters)
Inner longitudinal
Outer circular |
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Term
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx
Adventitia |
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Definition
CT, Buccopharyngeal fascia
Epimysium ofthe buccinator blends with adventitia of the pharynx |
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Term
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Definition
Surface epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosa |
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Term
Trachea
Surface epithelium |
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Definition
Respiratory Epithelium
Cells:
Goblet 30%
Sustentacular 30%
Basal 30%
Brush cells 3%
Serous Cells 3%
DNES 4$ |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
small granule, secrete into LP
Diffuse Neuro Endocrine System |
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Term
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Definition
Loose CT
quite vascular
seromucous glands~small particle filter |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Modified
Cartilage (hyaline) C ring found here
Blends with LP |
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Term
Trachea
Muscularis Externus |
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Definition
Modified
Individual trachealis muscles that connect ends of cartilage C ring |
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Term
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Definition
Outside of trachea
Vertical organ |
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Term
Extrapulmonary Bronchi
Strucrural trends |
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Definition
(includes primary bronchi)
Structurally similar to trachea
Decreases in cartilage, glands, goblet cells, and the height of epithelial cells
Increases in smooth muscle and elastic cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
Includes secondary tertiary bronchi
Trends form extrapulmonary bronchi continue |
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Term
Bronchioles
Characteristics |
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Definition
Less than 1mm
No cartilage in wall
No seromucus glands
Complete layer of smooth muscle
Simple epithelial type:varies by location
Clara cells (only found in bronchials) |
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Term
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Definition
Secretory cells only found in the surface epithelium of the bronchioles
Secrete product to protect epithelium
Produce enzymes that degrade toxins
Regenerate bronchiolar epithelium
May produce Pulmonary like surfactant |
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Term
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Definition
| Last part of the conducting portion of the resperatory system |
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Term
Terminal Bronchioles
Structure epithelium |
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Definition
| Shift from simple columnar to simple cuboidal with clara cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Terminal Bronchioles
Muscle |
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Definition
| 1-2 layers of smooth muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| First region of respiratory portion of respiratory system. |
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Term
Respiratory Bronchioles
Structure |
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Definition
| Similar to bronchioles but with some simple squamous epithelium |
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Term
|
Definition
Function: gas exchange
Structure: Alveolar type I and II cells, and Alveolar macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
Function: gas exchange
Structure: Alveolar type I and II cells, and Alveolar macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
General function: gas exchange
Structure: Alveolar type I and II cells, and Alveolar macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
Pneumonocyte
Squamous cells with tight junctions between. Flat.
95% of alveolar surface
Function: gas exchange |
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Term
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Definition
Cuboid cells
5% of alveolar surface
Produce pulmonary surfactant, so they don't stick together
Stem cell for Alveolar type I/II |
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Term
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Definition
Develop from monocytes
Clean interalveolar septum, phagocytize particles not yet dealt with. |
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Term
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Definition
Continuous capillary in CT
Thin basale lamina
Small amount of CT, many elastic fibers |
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Term
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Definition
Region where oxygen and carbon dioxide pass between the air and the blood.
Minimum Diffusion Barrier |
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Term
| Parts of the Blood gas barrier |
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Definition
Air
1. Surfactant layer
2. Alveolar type I cells
3. Fused basale lamina b/w Alveolar type I and endothelial capillary cell
4. Endothelium cell of capillary
Blood |
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Term
| Chronic exposure to irritants in upper respiratory tract |
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Definition
Increase goblet cell
Increase Mucus
Decrease sustentacular cells
Increase seromucus gland
Increase fluid
Respiratory epithelium can change to stratified squamous |
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Term
| Thoracic sympathetic Chain ganglion |
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Definition
Provide fibers which will relax bronchial smooth muscle = Bronchiodiolation
Paradoxically also causes constriction of pulmonary blood vessels by stimulating smooth muscle in TM |
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Term
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Definition
Provides parasympathetic fibers
Contract bronchial smooth muscle = bronchioconstriction |
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Term
| Respiratory Distress of the Newborn |
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Definition
RDS
Hyaline membrane disease
Caused by shortage of pulmonary surfactant due to lack of mature alveolar type II cells
Premature infants most susceptable |
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Term
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Definition
Decrease in elastin~ Decrease in alveolar elasticity
Ruduces surface for gas exchange
Irreversable |
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Term
Emphysema
Inflamatory causes |
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Definition
From smoking, infection, irritants
Attracts macrophages and neutrophils which secrete elastase and damage elastic fibers
Alpha AT protein in lugs that protects from elastase is inactivated by free radicals |
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Term
Emphysema
Genetic Condition |
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Definition
Influences hepatocytes and their ability to release Alpha AT
Likely to develop regardless of irritants. |
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Term
| Functions of the digestive system |
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Definition
Nutrient breakdown (physical & chemical)
Absorption of nutrients
Elimination of wastes |
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Term
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Definition
Largest salivary gland
Produces 30% of salivary output
100% serous producing
Filled with adipose with age |
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Term
|
Definition
Salivary amylase: breakdown carbs
Lysozymes: antibacterial
Secretory IGA: foreign antigen |
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Term
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Definition
Produces 60% of salivary output
Fatty infiltration possible
Mixed-produces mucus and serous
80-90% serous products |
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Term
|
Definition
Smallest salivary gland
5% salivary output
Mixed gland, 80% mucus
All serous comes from serous demilunes; no seperate serous acini |
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Term
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Definition
| Transfer Bolus from oral cavity to stomach |
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Term
Esophagus
Surface epithelium |
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Definition
(mucus membrane)
Stratified Squamous
Contains Langerhans cells |
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Term
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Definition
| antigen presenting cells, associated with food allergies. |
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Term
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Definition
Loose areolar CT
Can have esophageal cardiac glands |
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Term
| Esophogeal Cardiac glands |
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Definition
Produce mucus to protect epithelium
Located Near pharynx (1st inch) and near stomach (last inch) |
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Term
Esophagus
Muscularis Mucosa |
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Definition
Discontinuous layer of longitudinal smooth muscle
Thinner by pharynx, thicker by stomach |
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Term
|
Definition
Dense fibroelastic CT
Containrs esophageal proper glands |
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Term
|
Definition
Produce mucus to moisten bolus
Produce lysozymes
Produce pepsinogens |
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Term
Esophagus
Muscularis Exturnus |
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Definition
Normal patern of inner circular and outer longitudinal layers
Upper 1/3 Skeletal muscle
Middle 1/3 Mixture
Lower 1/3 Smooth muscle |
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Term
Esophagus
Adventitia/Serosa |
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Definition
| Primarily adventitia except last 1-2 inches (becomes serosa) |
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Term
| Pharygoesophageal sphincter |
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Definition
| between oropharynx and esophagus |
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Term
| Gastroesophageal Sphincter |
|
Definition
| Between esophagus and stomach |
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Term
| Characteristics for Physiological sphincters |
|
Definition
No thickening of circular muscle in Muscularis Externis
Pressure Grandient aids movement. |
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Term
|
Definition
Primary storage
Some breakdown (mostly chemical) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Longitudinal folds that allow for distension of stomach. |
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Term
|
Definition
Tiny depressions in the stomach's surface;
1 pit leads to more than 1 gland |
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Term
Stomach
Surface epithelium |
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Definition
| Simple columnar (in pits also) |
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Term
|
Definition
Surfface mucus cells: Produce pH7 mucus
Regenerative Cells: primarily in base of gastric pits. |
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Term
|
Definition
| loose vascular CT present in small amounts between glands |
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Term
|
Definition
3 layers
Inner circular
Outer longitudinal
Outermost circular (sometimes) |
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Term
|
Definition
Highly vascular
Location of AVA (AV shunts)
Submucosal (Meissner's plexus) next to inner circular layer of muscle |
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Term
Stomach
Muscularis Externus |
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Definition
Three layers
Innermost oblique (may be absent)
Middle circular (well developed)
Outer longitudinal (thing |
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Term
| Myenteric (Aurbach's) plexus |
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Definition
Between circular and longituddinal layers of stomach ME
Stimulates ME |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Shorter pits leading to cardiac glands
Cells: Surface mucus, neck mucus, DNES, parietal cells.
No Cheif Cells |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
Gastric Gland
Isthmus Cells |
|
Definition
Surface mucus
DNES TYPE D: produces somatostatin and inhibits release of hormones by DNES cells
DNES type EC: seratonin and substance P, Increases peristalsis
DNES type G: produces gasstrin, stimulates HCL secretion, gastric motility, regenerative cells |
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Term
|
Definition
Neck mucus cells (ph 5)
Regenerative cells
Parietal cells: odd shaped columnar, Produce HCL pH .8, immediately buffered to 2, Produces Gastric Intrinsic factor (neccissary for Vit B digestion
DNES cells |
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Term
|
Definition
Inflamation of stomach wall
Can lead to peraicious Anemia
Decrease parietal cells and Gastric Intrinsic Factor
Decrease vit B absorption for RBC |
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Term
|
Definition
Cheif Cells: produce primarily pepsinogen (breakdown protiens) and some gastric lypase (break down fat)
Parietal cells
DNES cells |
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Term
|
Definition
Deeper pits, twisted and branched pyloric glands
Cells: some surface mucase, DNES, and parietal cells. Primarily neck mucus cells (Also produce some lysozyme) |
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Term
|
Definition
Anatomical sphincter between pylorus of stomach and duodenum.
Well developed inner circular layer of muscle (which can be independently controlled) in ME |
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Term
Small intestines
General functions |
|
Definition
Absorption of nutrients
Digestion
Produce intestinal hormones |
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|
Term
Small intestines
surface adaptations |
|
Definition
increase surface area by 400X
Plicae circulares (valves of Kerckring)
Villi
Microvilli (on the luminal cell surface) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Permanent folds affecting the mucosa and submucosa, found in duodenum, jejunum, and proximal ilium |
|
|
Term
Intestines
Surface epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Surface absorptive cells
Goblet cells
DNES cells
Regenerative cells
Paneth cells |
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|
Term
Intestines
Surface absorptive cells |
|
Definition
Contain microvilli
Absorb water and nutrients
Terminal digestion in glycocalyx |
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Term
|
Definition
| fewest in duodenum, most in ileum |
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Term
|
Definition
Type 1: produce cholecystokinin (stimulates gallbladder contraction/pancreas secretion)
Type K: produces GIP, inhibits HCL
Type S: produces secretin: stimulates pancreas secretion
Type VIP: produces vasoactive intestinal peptide (increases peristalsis in intestines) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Long lived (20 days)
Found at base of cryps
Produces lysozymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Loose areolar CT
Vascular components
Some lingitudinal smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
Intestines
Lamina propria
Lacteals |
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Definition
Lymphatic capillaries
Function in lipid absorption |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Intestines
Muscularis Mucosa |
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Definition
thin, but present
Connects to smooth muscle in villi |
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Term
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Definition
Dense fibroelastic CT
Very vascular |
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Term
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Definition
Seromucus glands
Produce:
Alkaline mucus (buffers chyme as it leaves stomach)
Verogastron (epidermal growth hormone) increases mitosis for hormone epi cells.
Inhibit HCL |
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Term
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Definition
| No structures of significance |
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Term
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Definition
| location of peyers patches (groups of extra large lymph nodules) |
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Term
| Submucosal (Meissner'sP plexus |
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Definition
Parasympathetic innervation
Close to circular muscle in ME |
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Term
Intestines
Muscularis Externus |
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Definition
Normal Patern
Myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus: stimulates ME for peristalsis, found between circular and longitudinal layers of muscle in ME |
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Term
Intestines
Serosa/Adventitia |
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Definition
Serosa: all of jejunum and ileum, first and last cm of duodenum
Adventitia: vertical portion of duodenum |
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Term
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Definition
found between ileum and caecum of colon
Physiological and anotomical sphincter |
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Term
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Definition
| blind pouch extending from cecum |
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Term
Appendix
Surface epithelium |
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Definition
Simple columnar with surface absorptive cells, goblets, regenerative cells, and DNES cells
Short crypts, no Villi |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Appendix
Muscularis Mucosa |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Thick layer with large blood vessels
numerous large lymph nodules |
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Term
Appendix
Muscularis externus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Humoral immunity (abdominal tonsil)
Reservoir for "good bacteria" |
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Term
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Definition
Absorption of water
Compaction of feces (lubrication and elimination)
Production of some vitamins by "good bacteria" |
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Term
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Definition
Simple columnar
Many goblets and surface absorptive cells, some regenerative cells and very few DNES cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Not normal!
Outer longitudinal ms is gathered into teniae coli and is discontinuous |
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Term
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Definition
| Sacculations caused by constant tonus of teniae coli |
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Term
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Definition
Ascending and Decending: adventitia (vertical)
Transverse and Sigmoid: Serosa (horizontal) |
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Term
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Definition
| fat filled pouches created by serosa |
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Term
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Causes |
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Definition
1) Insufficient protection from HCL and pepsin
2) Helicobacter pylori: a bacteria
Damaged tissue can repair in 1-2 months if acidity is decreased |
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Term
| Factors delaying healing of ulcers |
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Definition
cigarettes
alchohol
coffee/caffine
Calcium (stimulates parietal cells)
Asprin |
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Term
Gastroesophageal reflux
Causes |
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Definition
Chronic gastritis (inflamation of stomach lining)
Hiatial hernia
Pregnancy
Incompetent lower esophageal sphincter
Subluxations (myenteric plexus) |
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Term
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Definition
| Stratified squamous epithelium replaced by mucus secreting simple columnar epithelium in distal esophagus. Metaplasia |
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Term
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Definition
store bile (70ml)
Concentrate bile |
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Term
| Bile release controlled by... |
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Definition
| Cholexystokinin and the vagus nerve |
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Term
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Definition
Surface epithelium: simple columnar
Lamina propria: loose vascular ct
Muscularis mucosa: absent |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Gallbladder
Muscularis externus |
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Definition
Not normal pattern!
thin smooth muscle layer with disorganized arangement |
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Term
Gallbladder
Serosa/adventitia |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Surrounded by thin ct capsule
Divided into lobules by septa |
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Term
| Exocrine portion of pancreas |
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Definition
Largest portion of pancreas
islets of Langerhans |
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Term
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Definition
| Serous acini and pancreatic ducts |
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Term
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Definition
| secretion controlled by cholestocytokinin and acetylcholine from parasympathetic nerves |
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Term
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Definition
located next to acinar cells (in pancreatic ducts)
produce alkaline fluid with bicarbonate ions |
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Term
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Definition
wraps pancreatic ducts
Provides extra protection from digestive enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
Brunners gland: alkaline mucus
Centroacinar cells: alkaline fluid |
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Term
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Definition
largest gland in the body
Endocrine and exocrine functions |
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Term
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Definition
Metabolism of fats, carbs, proteins
Production of blood proteins, factors, vitamins
Detoxify blood
Produce hepatic bile
Store vitamins |
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Term
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Definition
microvilliated cuboidal cells
Lateral bile canaliculi are between ajacent hepatocytes |
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Term
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Definition
collect bile
bile moves from hepatocytes toward bile duct branch in portal triad |
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Term
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Definition
| Macrofages in liver. Develop from monocytes |
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Term
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Definition
Store lipids for immediate use
Not associated with cirrhosis
May store fat soluable vitamins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
hepatic artery
portal vein
bile duct
lymph vessels |
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Term
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Definition
dilated, fenestrated thin walled vessels found between the rows of hepatocytes
75% venous 25% arterial blood |
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Term
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Definition
fenestrated thin walled vessel that collects blood from the hepatic sinusoids.
Blood flows from the portal triad to the central vein |
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Term
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Definition
(perisunusoidal space)
Space between hepatocytes and fenestrated hepatic sinusoids where blood can directly contact the microvillated surfaces of the hepatocytes
Blood flow very slow here |
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