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Definition
Two or more individuals who come together to achieve particular objectives.
*Can be Informal (a team) or formal (a gang). |
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Definition
Individuals report to a manager.
(ex: department) |
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Definition
Individuals working together to complete a task.
(ex: team) |
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Definition
Individuals working together to resolve a common task.
(ex: lobby group) |
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Definition
| Individuals with similar values and attitudes. |
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Term
Security
Status
Self esteem
Affiliation
Power (in numbers)
Goal Achievement |
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Definition
| List 6 reasons why people join groups. |
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Term
| Punctuated Equilibrium Group Model |
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Definition
Theory that groups go through a transition period between inertia and activity.
*common for many temporary teams |
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Term
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Definition
| Work really starts almost exactly halfway between _______ and _______ in almost every case. |
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Definition
| Acceptable standards of behavior within a group. |
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Definition
| How an individual should work. |
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Definition
| What they should look like. |
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Definition
| Informal grouping and status. |
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Definition
Adjusting one's behavior to align with the norms of the group.
*Reduces cognitive dissonance |
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Definition
Refers to a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviors. This produces a feeling of discomfort leading to an alteration in one of the attitudes, beliefs or behaviors to reduce the discomfort and restore balance etc.
For example, when people smoke (behavior) and they know that smoking causes cancer (cognition). |
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Definition
A perception of rank within a group
(ex: players, celebs) |
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Term
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Definition
| High status individuals have more ______ and get more _______. |
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Term
Pay
Position
Attire
Office
Perks |
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Definition
| What are forms of status? |
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Term
decision making
implementation (getting shit done) |
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Definition
| Larger groups are better at _______ _______ and smaller groups are better at ________ (__________). |
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Term
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Definition
| Groups of __-__ members are best at decision making and implementation. |
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Definition
| Groups of ___ numbers are better than ___. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ____ ____ improves decision making. |
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Term
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Definition
| ______ _______ reduces implementation speed. |
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Definition
| Group cohesiveness ______ productivity. |
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Definition
| _____ can produce a synergy effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Teams can also produce a _____ synergy in the form of social loafing. |
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Term
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Definition
Individuals in teams work better if tasks are _____ and ______
*(showing off to other team members) |
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Term
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Definition
Individual performance in teams can be worse if tasks are _______.
*(Fear of failure and public ridicule) |
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Term
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Definition
| Complex tasks are handled better by _____,_______ groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| Simple tasks are handled better by _____,______ groups. |
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Term
| info and knowledge and has higher quality decisions. |
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Definition
| Group decision making generates more _____ and ____ and has higher _____ decisions. (ex: wisdom of the masses) |
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Term
| groups may be more effective, but individuals are more efficient |
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Definition
| In group decision making there is a greater acceptance of solutions, however, in general ____________________________. |
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Term
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Definition
the process that occurs when two or more parties decide how to allocate scarce resources.
aka- bargaining |
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Term
Distributive bargaining
Integrative bargaining |
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Definition
| What are the two general approaches to negotiation? |
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Term
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Definition
Operates under the assumption that the size of the pie is fixed and the one gains at the other's expense.
(ex: haggling over a car) |
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Term
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Definition
Which bargaining theory has these characteristics?
Win-Lose
Get as much as possible
Interests of parties are opposed
Low information sharing
short term focus |
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Term
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Definition
operates under the assumption that the size of the pie can be increased and all parties can gain.
(ex: B2B one stop shopping) |
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Term
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Definition
Which bargaining theory has these characteristics?
Win-win
Expand the whole pie (market)
Interests of parties are congruent
High sharing of info
Long term orientation |
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Term
| distributive than integrative |
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Definition
| More groups engage in ______ than ______ bargaining. |
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Term
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Definition
| Integrative bargaining is difficult because it requires complete ____. |
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Term
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Definition
| In distributive bargaining its better to make the ____ offer and an ___ offer to achor the negotiation and exert power. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ reach more integrative outcomes than individuals. |
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Term
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Definition
| If you put more chips on the teable it allows for greater _____ and therefore satisfaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ may be your worst enemy in negotiating a win-win agreement because it reduces the pressure to come up with a creative solution. |
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Term
1.) Preparation and planning
-History of issues and desired outcomes (what are the things you'll never give up)
2.) Definition of ground rules
-place, time, issues, procedures
3.) Clarification and justification
-sharing of information and expectation
4.) Bargaining
-feeling out other parties and reaching agreements.
5.) Closure and implementation
-formalizing the agreement and follow through |
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Definition
| What are the five steps in the negotiation process? |
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Term
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Definition
| If you don't do it right, everything is lost. |
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Term
What is the end goal
What can they give up
What do they need to know |
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Definition
| What are three things negotiators need to know in advance? |
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Term
prepared.
win-lose environment |
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Definition
The more you know about your opponent, the more ______ you are.
You will more likely be in a ___-____ environment. |
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Term
Basic conception of negotiation process
is it a competitive or problem solving process?
Negotiator selection criteria
is it based on experience, status, expertise, etc?
Significance of issues
is it specific (like price) or general (like relationships)? |
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Definition
| What are the three things you need to know regarding preparation? |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of influencing a group toward achievement of common goals |
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Term
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Definition
| Leadership is about making other people _____. |
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Term
| trust (handshake) or legal commitment (contract) |
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Definition
| Forms of satisfactory agreement is based on ___ or ____ _____. |
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Term
| individual or group consensus |
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Definition
| Decision making system is based on what? |
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Term
| How fast should negotiations proceed |
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Definition
| Value of time is based on? |
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Term
| how willing are participants to give up information |
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Definition
| Risk taking prosperity is based on? |
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Term
| Based on past experience, intuition or rules. |
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Definition
| What is the bases of trust? |
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Term
| individual, company or community goals. |
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Definition
| What are the roles of individuals' aspirations based on? |
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Term
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Definition
| Outgoing, friendly people tend to be ______ negotiators. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bad asses are _____ at distributive bargaining. |
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Term
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Definition
| When you're in a power position ____/____ tends to work best. When in a weak position, it doesn't help. |
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Term
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Definition
| Positive moods can help in _______ bargaining. |
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Term
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Definition
| Men and women tend to negotiate _____ under similar circumstances. |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ tend to get better results in negotiations than ____. |
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Term
Use competition ("I'm the big dog")
quick decision action is needed
Use collaboration when both sets of conercern are too important to be compromised
Use avoidance for trivial issues, when disruption outweighs benefits, or to allow things to cool down.
Use accommodation when wrong to promote harmony.
Use compromise to arrive at temporary solutions or when opponents have equal power. |
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Definition
| How can you hand/reduce conflict? (5) |
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Term
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Definition
| Authority without responsibility is ________. |
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Term
| vision, goals and process |
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Definition
| Leadership sets the ____, _____ and ____ ; management ensures that it happens. |
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Term
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Definition
| You dont manage men into battle , you _____ them. |
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Term
Trait theory
Behavioral
Path-goal
Transformational- Transactional
Charismatic |
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Definition
| What are the 5 theories of leadership? |
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Term
| Trait Theory of leadership |
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Definition
| What is sometimes called the Great Man Theory? |
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Term
| Trait Theory of LeadershipProposes that leaders are born with, or acquire, specific traits or characteristics: |
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Definition
Drive
Desire to lead
Honesty and integrity
self confidence
intelligence
job relevant knowledge
extraversion |
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Term
Autocratic
demanding; boss makes all decisions
Democratic
participatory; boss solicits ideas from employees
Laissez-faire
free reign; boss empowers employees to make all decisions
*None clearly predicts leadership effectiveness. |
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Definition
| Behavioral Theory of Leadership proposes that there are 3 distinct types of Leadership |
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Term
| Path-Goal Theory of Leadership |
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Definition
| Theory that good leaders clear the path to help followers achieve their goals (both personal and organizational) by reducing roadblocks and pitfalls. |
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Term
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Definition
| Employee performance and satisfaction improve when leaders compensate for employee and organizational shortcoming, in essence, to help ___________. |
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Term
Functional leaders who clarify role and task requirements to achieve desired goals.
*Similar to path goal theory |
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Definition
| What is a transactional theory of leadership? |
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Term
Charismatic leaders who provide individual consideration and intellectual stimulation.
*Similar to Druckers theories |
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Definition
| What is a transformational theory of leadership? |
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Term
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Definition
| Which is more effective; Transformational or Transactional theory? |
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Term
Vision
Ability to articulate the vision
willing to take risks to achieve the vision
sensitivity to followers' needs
Exhibit extraordinary behavior such as integrity, honesty and bravery. |
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Definition
| Charismatic theory is similar to trait theory in that leaders have 5 characteristics: |
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Term
| Charismatic Leadership Theory |
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Definition
| Studies have shown this is to be genetic or learned at an early age. |
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Term
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Definition
Required skills that are different from typical leaders associated more with good management.
coaching
facilitating/ trouble shooting
conflict management
training
communication
*give example of a good leader (ex eleanor) |
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Term
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Definition
| Transformational leadership ____ affected by culture |
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Term
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Definition
| Men and women have _____ styles of leadership |
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Term
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Definition
| As a leader,____ are more democratic and participative. |
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Term
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Definition
| As a leader, they rely more on communication and interpersonal skills. |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ are more autocratic and goal oriented. |
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Term
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Definition
| Men rely more on _____ and ___ power. |
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Term
Ability to control
Ability to freely make decisions
Ability to force change |
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Definition
| Power is the ability to _____, to ___________, and __________. |
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Term
| Yes, but the thing is; it matters to the degree to which they seek it. Also, its how one behaves with power. |
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Definition
| Does every company desire power? does every person desire power? |
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Term
| Behavioral- democratic. or Laizze Affair |
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Definition
| What type of leadership style is shared among the Boss and Peter? |
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Term
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Definition
| Out of the 5 stage conflict theory, what is the style regarding Office Space? |
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Term
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Definition
Any divergence from the status quo
*companies plan in anticipation of change |
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Term
To improve performance
to meet present and future demands
survival |
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Definition
| what is the purpose of change? |
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Term
Neutral
*it is inevitable
What is the purpose of change? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Political
environmental
social
technological |
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Definition
| What are examples of macro environment regarding forces of change? |
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Term
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Definition
| What are micro environmental changes? |
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Term
Employees
Corporate culture and structure
materials |
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Definition
| What is the internal environment regarding change? |
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Term
Big boat in a calm sea (education
Raft on the rapids (technology - change happens fast) |
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Definition
| What are the two types of change? |
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Term
| The six external environmental factors |
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Definition
| What determines what type of change you experience? |
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Term
| internal environmental factors |
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Definition
| What determines how well a business will survive? |
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Term
Fear of the Unknown
Uncertainty of the outcome
Doubt that the result will be positive |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| What is an example of FUD? |
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Term
Disrupted habits
loss of confidence
loss of control
lack of purpose |
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Definition
| What are some reasons why people may resist change? |
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Term
Structural Inertia
strong, highly centralized companies are slow to change
Group Intertia
groups get confortable in doing things a certain way
Threats to special groups
certain groups (ex purchasing) may resist change via outsourcing
Threats to power relationships
managers may fight losing decision making authority as companies get lean |
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Definition
| What are reasons why organizations may resist change? |
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Term
status quo
resistance
chaos
integration
new status quo
**check chart later |
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Definition
Satir Change Model
Virginia Satir US psychotherapist developed the concept that change acceptance proceed in 5 stages |
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Term
will eventually get better.
Satir Change Model |
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Definition
You need to have a long term plan. Things will be bad in the beginning, but ...
Whats this? |
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Term
Education and communication
participation and involvement
facilitarion and support
manipulation and co-optation
explicity and implicit coercion
**Make it fast before resistance builds up |
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Definition
| What are some ways to deal with resistance to change? |
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Term
Check the benefits
those involved see a clear advantage
check the compatibility
keep the changes similar to existing values/process
check the simplicity
make it easy as possible to understand
check the triability
allow people to slowly try the change adjusting as progression is made. |
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Definition
| What is the checklist with dealing with resistance to change? |
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Term
a change agent who takes leadership responsibility for changing the existing pattern of behavior of another person or social system
*martin luther king |
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Definition
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Term
Forward looking
proactive
embraces new ideas |
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Definition
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Term
Change initiatives come from senior management
success depends on support of middle-level and lower-level workers |
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Definition
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Term
The initiatives for change comes from any and all parts of the organization, not just top management
*crucial for organizational innovation |
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Definition
| Explain Bottom-up changes |
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Term
employee empowerment
employee involvement
employee participation |
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Definition
| Bottom up changes are made possible by |
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Term
| Binds and adjusts existing ways to improve performance (continuous improvement |
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Definition
| What is incremental change? |
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Term
| results in a major and comprehensive redirection of the organization (rightsizing) |
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Definition
| What is transformational change? |
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Term
| making continual adjustments as changes are being planned (gut feel) |
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Definition
| What is improvisational change? |
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Term
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Definition
members change opinions to conform
Reduces cognitive dissonance
can lead to lemming (mob) effect |
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Term
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Definition
individuals tends to take on more risky behavior in groups
there is strength in numbers
less individual responsibility and accountability
they want to take leadership positions |
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Term
| Ways to reduce group think |
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Definition
keep groups small
the group leader has to be impartial (no faves)
need a devil's advocate
encourage and listen to all opinions |
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Term
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Definition
| transitory groups of people with complimentary skills that work toward a specific common goal |
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Term
| Benefits of teams to organizations |
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Definition
high degree of flexibility
quick reaction/response
broad range of views and talents
focused |
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Term
| What are the 4 types of teams? |
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Definition
Problem solving teams
self managed work teams
cross functional teams
virtual teams |
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Term
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Definition
This type of team is very short term and has limited authority
usually derived from the same department
designed to solve a very specific problem |
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Term
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Definition
This type of team operates without a manager
there is a high degree of authority and responsibility
long time horizon, almost permanent
grew out of TQM movement
30-50% of US companies use them |
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Term
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Definition
This type of team has distinct diverse skills
intrinsic of matrix management
employee derived from different departments
recommended for new product development teams |
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Term
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Definition
This type of team is very short term
specific task oriented
similar to problem solving teams
IT/computer dependent |
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Term
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Definition
| All ____ will vary in size, structure, membership, duration and purpose |
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Term
team context
team composition
team process |
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Definition
| In general, three groups of items need to be addressed in order to create successful teams |
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Term
| Human relations (view of conflict) |
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Definition
the view that conflict was natural and unavoidable, therefore must be expected and accepted
-evolved after WWII into the 60s
expressing yourself including hostile emotions was encouraged |
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Term
| Interactionist (view of conflict) |
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Definition
encouraged conflict to offset the lack of creativity and innovation arising from harmony, peacefulness and tranquility
-became popular in the late 60s/ early 70s in response to the silent generations |
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Term
| Interactionist (view of conflict) |
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Definition
| Proposes that some conflict is good (functional) while others are destructive (dysfunctional) |
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Term
| Managed (view of conflict) |
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Definition
| belief that conflict is unproductive because it takes time away from work; produces stress and reduces trust, communication and cohesion which reduces long term group viability |
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Term
inevitable
conflict process |
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Definition
| Managed view of conflict recognizes that conflict is ______ but its negative effects must be minimized through proper constructive methods via the ______ process |
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