Term
| scientists split the time of earth's history into geological times by |
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Definition
| major evolutionary transitions |
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Term
| 4 major geological periods |
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Definition
Hadean - initial bombardment
Archean - liquid h2o
Proterozoic - bacteria
Phanerozoic - trans. to multi-cellular |
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Term
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Definition
3.5 bya-origin of life
1.5 bya-origin of eukaryotes
600 mya-cambrian explosion = diversification
400 mya-1st vertebrates
325 mya-1st tetrapods (terrestrial 4 legged)
250 mya- radiation of dinosaures + appearance of mammals
100 mya- radiation of plants
30 mya- 1st apes
2-5 mya- 1st hominids
100,000 - homo sapiens |
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Term
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Definition
| ordovician period = fossils! |
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Term
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Definition
500
250 - permian (volcanic activity)
65 - dinosaures |
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Term
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Definition
arthropods
invertebrates
bryozoans
echinoderms
brachiopods
arthropods
mullusks |
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Term
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Definition
| set of chromosomes, determined genetically |
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Term
| some times factors determine sex |
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Definition
ie) temp, turtles, crocs, lizards
~middle-trimester of devel. decide in that period the sex |
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Term
| genetic sex determination |
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Definition
2 types of chromosomes:
autosomes- all chromosomes not determining sex
sex chromosomes - sex determining chromosomes |
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Term
homogametic sex
heterogametic sex |
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Definition
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Term
| what does Y chromosome in mammals determine |
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Definition
"maleness"
- required for normal function |
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Term
| how many chromosomes from a homologous pair are transferred to a gamete |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the expectant ratio of males to females |
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Definition
1:1
- male sperm should be split btw X and Y
- males determine gender |
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Term
| Murray Barr + Ewart Bertram |
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Definition
| identified condensed structure in somatic cells in female but not in males |
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Term
| achieving dosage compensation |
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Definition
males up-regulate X chromosome, producing more proteins than needed.
Females inactivate portions |
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Term
| Thomas Morgan 3 observations |
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Definition
1-linkage (menial's laws don't apply)
2-when you have linked traits sometimes they still split = crossing over
3-sex linked traits |
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Term
| why was Thomas Morgan successful 3 reasons |
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Definition
1- worked w/ fruit flies = 2 weeks for an entire gen.
2- tiny! = small space
3- only have 4 sets of chromosomes 6 autosomes and 2 sex |
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Term
| 3 basic ways a phenotype is affected by genotype |
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Definition
1- single gene (pair of alleles) can affect one trait
[2- single gene can affect multiple traits]
[3- multiple genes that affect a single trait]
[common patterns] |
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Term
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Definition
sometimes an allele isn't completely dominant over the other therefore the traits mix
red flower plus white = pink
human ex) wavy = hair curly + hair straight |
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Term
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Definition
when you get a combination of both traits
ex) roan cattle, blood type AB |
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Term
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Definition
| one gene affecting multiple traits |
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Term
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Definition
| interaction btw genes where 1 gene affects the expression of another |
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Term
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Definition
| when you get a blocking gene for a color pigment |
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Term
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Definition
| a dominant allele masks the effects of a 2nd gene |
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Term
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Definition
| multiple genes affect a trait |
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Term
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Definition
| when you cross a homo dom and a homo rec you have 2 extremes and they make an f1 gen that is interm. then you cross a hetero w/ interm. = f2 gen with a large range of traits |
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Term
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Definition
multiple genes have an additive affect on phenotype
- bell shape curve |
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Term
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Definition
BOTH
genetic component- role of genes
role of exp, shaping phenotypes |
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Term
| ex of phenotype by envrio. |
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Definition
siamese cat and rabbits
enzyme tyrosinase
inactivated when at normal body temp - extremities getting darker bc cannot break down the enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulation of genetic changes in a POP over time |
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Term
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Definition
macro- major eve trans over long time scales
ex) speciation
micro- small changes gen in a few gens |
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Term
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Definition
| selection of traits in plants/animals that are desirable to humans |
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Term
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Definition
potential for exponential pop growth
but resources are limited
these in combination lead a pop to stability
when you have these 3 things it leads to comp/struggle for existence
these combination with:
there is lots of variation in a pop
therefore diff levels of fitness which allows some to get more resources
then these traits are heritable to allow future gens to out beat for resources
leading to nat selec which causes adaptations
leading to evolution |
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