Term
| substance produced by complement activation (especially C3a, C5a) that results in increased vascular permeability through release of pharmacologically active mediators from mast cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| protein thats produced as a result of the introduction of an antigen and has ability to combine with the antigen that stimulated its production. |
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Definition
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Term
| substance that can induce a detectable immune response when introduced into an animal. |
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Definition
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Term
| bursa derived cell in avian species. precursors of plasma cells that produce antibody |
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Definition
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Term
| process where phagocytic cells are attracted to the invading pathogens. (injury site) |
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Definition
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Term
| system of serum proteins thats the primary mediator of antigen-antibody reactions. |
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Definition
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Term
| factor such a lymphokine or monokine produced by cells that affect other cells and have multiple immunomodulating functions. they include interleukins and interferons. |
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Definition
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Term
| lysis of bacteria or of cells such as tumor cells or RBC by the insertion of the membrane attack complex derived from complement activation |
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Definition
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Term
| molecule that is not immunogenic by itself but can react with a specific antibody. |
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Definition
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Term
| sharing transplantation antigens |
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Definition
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Term
| The IgE is induced by allergen and binds via its Fc receptor to mast cells and basophils; after encountering the antigen again, the fixed IgE becomes cross linked, inducing degranulation and release of mediators, especially histamine. this reation is called? |
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Definition
| Type 1. Anaphylactic (immediate) |
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Term
| antigens on a cell surface combine with antibody. leads to complement-mediated lysis or other cytotoxic membrane damage. this type of reaction is? |
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Definition
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Term
| antigen-antibody immune complexes are deposited in tissue, complement is activated, and polymorphonuclear cells are attracted to the site, causing tissue damage. this reaction is? |
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Definition
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Term
| t cells sensitized by an antigen , release lymphokines on 2nd contact with same antigen. lymphokines induce inflammation and activate macrophages. this is what type of reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| development of resistance to a foreign substance. it can be antibody mediated or cell mediated or both. |
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Definition
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Term
| glycoprotein composed of H and L chains that functions as an antibody. all antibodies are considered these but not all of these have antibody functions. this is? |
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Definition
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Term
| a subdivision of immunoglobulin molecules based on unique antigenic determinants in the Fc refion of the H chains. there are 5 classes. |
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Definition
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Term
1. only immunoglobulin capable of crossing placenta?
2. 1st to appear at immune respone?
3. principal immunoglobulin in external secretions of mucosal surfaces?
4. thought to activate the B cell...
5. plays important role in immediate hypersensitivity reactions and parasitic infections.... |
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Definition
1. IgG
2.IgM
3.IgA
4.IgD
5.IgE |
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Term
| one of the heterogeneous group of low molecular weight proteins elaborated by infected host cells that protect noninfected cells from viral infection. they are cytokines. |
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Definition
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Term
| a cytokine that stimulates or otherwise affects the function of lymphocytes and some other cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| this induces T helper cell synthese of IL-2. activates t cells. induces chemotaxis for neutrophils. |
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Definition
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Term
| stimulates antibody synthesis, t cytotoxic cells, and NK cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| stimulates hematopoiesis. |
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Definition
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Term
| induces isotype switching |
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Definition
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Term
| promotes growth and differentiation of B cells |
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Definition
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Term
| stimulates B cell differentiation; activates T cells |
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Definition
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Term
| promotes pre-B cell growth and pre-T cell growth |
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Definition
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Term
| stimulates chemotaxis of neutrophils |
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Definition
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Term
| promotes T cell growth. enhances mast cell |
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Definition
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Term
| inhibits T helper cell 1 and cytokine release. stimulates mast cell growth |
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Definition
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Term
| stimulates development of B cells. stimulates hematopoiesis. |
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Definition
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Term
| activates T cells. stimulates TH1 cell development. |
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Definition
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Term
| anti-inflammatory activity. B cell growth and differentiation. |
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Definition
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Term
| induces proliferation of activated B cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| stimulates growth of intestinal epithelium, T cells, and NK cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| lymphocyte chemoattractant factor |
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Definition
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Term
| a mononuclear cell 7 to 12 micrometers. contain nucleus with densely packed chromatin and a small rim of cytoplasm. include T cells and B cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| a cytokine that is a soluble product of a lymphocyte. responsible for multiple effects in a cellular immune reaction. |
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Definition
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Term
| phagocytic mononuclear cell from bone marrow monocytes. found in tissues and at site of inflammation. serve accessory roles in cellular immunity |
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Definition
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Term
| cluster of genes located close to each other. determines histocompatibility antigens of the members of a species. |
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Definition
| Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) |
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Term
| the end product of activation of the complement cascade, which contains C5, C6, C7, C8, and C9. it makes holes in the membranes of gram negative bacteria, killing them and in RBCs, it results in lysis. |
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Definition
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Term
| circulating phagocytic blood cell that develops into tissue macrophages |
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Definition
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Term
| substance capable of enhaving phagocytosis. antibodies and complent are the 2 main ones.... |
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Definition
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Term
| the coating of an antigen or particle by substances such as antibodies, complement components, fibronectin, and so on, that facilitate uptake of the foreign particle into a phagocytic cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| derived from a hematopoietic cell of bone marrow and is characterized by a multi-lobed nucleus. they migrate from the circulation site to a site of inflammation by chemotaxis and are phagocytic for bacteria and other particles. |
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Definition
| polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) |
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Term
| derived from thymus. participates in variety of cell mediated immune reactions. |
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Definition
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Term
| activates macrophages and cytotoxic and other T cells..... |
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Definition
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Term
| activates B cells to secrete immunoglobulin... |
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Definition
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Term
| destroys target cells.... |
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Definition
| TC (cytotoxic) or CD8 cells |
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Term
| causes inflammation associated with allergic reactions and tissue transplant rejection |
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Definition
| TD (delayed hypersensitivity) cell |
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Term
regulates immune response...
like a boss... |
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Definition
| TS (surpressor) or CD8 cells. |
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Term
| what are the principal portals of entry of infectious agents and allergens? |
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Definition
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Term
| protrusion of the crown of the tooth through the oral mucosa results in a breach in the ________ of the _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| many of the ___________ molecules are multifunctional and have overlapping activities. |
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Definition
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Term
| grandular (mucosal) secretions is saliva. its produced by what 3 glands? |
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Definition
1. major parotid
2. submandibular
3. sublingual |
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Term
| mucosal barriers expresses ____ ______ receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| signaling pattern recognition receptors that recognize repeating patterns of molecules that are conserved among pathogenic microorganisms called PAMP's |
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Definition
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Term
| toll like receptors encounter with PAMP signals the epithelial cells to produce what 4 things? |
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Definition
cytokines
chemokines
peptide antibodies
release nitric oxide and eicosanoids |
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Term
| rate of desquamitation related to the.... |
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Definition
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Term
| receptors for secretory component are present on buccal epithelial cells. microorganisms captured by the tethered antibody are removed with the cells shed from the epithelium. |
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Definition
| epithelial antibody receptors |
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Term
| acellular organic film covering the teeth... |
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Definition
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Term
| active at micromolar concentrations against bacteria, fungi, and eveloped viruses in vitro |
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Definition
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Term
| this antimicrobial protein is produced by non keratinized epithelial |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 2 major types of adherent Mucin layer? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many liters of saliva is secreted in the mouth each day by the 3 major salivary glands and by numerous minor glands? |
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Definition
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Term
bicarbonate, chloride, potassium, and sodium.
these are all.... |
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Definition
| inorganic components of saliva |
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Term
| digestive enzyme amylase, lubricant mucous glycoproteins, acidic protein rich and thyrosine rich proteins, humoral host defense factors, MG1 and MG2, agglutinin, von ebner gland protein, histatins, cystatins, leukocyte protease inhibitor, thrombospindin, lysozyme, peroxidase, lectoferrin, S-IgA, and TCR.....these are all...... |
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Definition
| organic components of saliva. |
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Term
| overallshape is spherical |
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Definition
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Term
| rod shaped. some endospore forming. |
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Definition
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Term
| combonations of 2 different shapes... |
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Definition
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Term
| curved or comma shaped rods |
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Definition
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Term
| thick, rigid, spiral organisms |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| bacteria can be arranged by their |
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Definition
| shape, arrangement, and style of grouping |
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Term
| beadlike chains are called.... |
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Definition
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Term
| produced by division within 2 planes. cocci arranged in squares of 4. |
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Definition
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Term
| cocci arranged in cubes of 8 as a result of division in 3 planes.... |
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Definition
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Term
| graplelike clusters formed by cell division in random planes |
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Definition
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Term
| paired rods that remain in pairs after division.... |
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Definition
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Term
| fail to separate after they divide and remain in chains....these are....? |
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Definition
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Term
| this results in 2 identical daughter cells. they need metabolites to divide. its a cascade of events that must occur to initiate replication. once replication is started, DNA synthesis must run to completion. when metabolites are depleted-cessation. this process is called...... |
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Definition
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Term
| bacteria have to adapt to medium before cell division. the cells are metabolically active. this is what phase? |
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Definition
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Term
| the rate of growth increases with time. each cell introduces to medium divides by binary fission. each subsequent binary fission doubles the bacteria cells.... this is which phase? |
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Definition
| logarithmic or exponential growth phase |
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Term
| occurs when essential nutrients are depleted or by products of metabolism accumulate. what phase is this? |
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Definition
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Term
| begins when growth stops and the number of dead cells is larger than the number of viable cells. this is which phase? |
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Definition
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Term
| acquire energy from light |
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Definition
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Term
| acquire energy from chemical compounds |
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Definition
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Term
| provides the backbone for all organic compunds. essential for all life forms. |
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Definition
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Term
| obtain carbon from atmospheric carbon dioxide |
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Definition
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Term
| use carbon from organic compounds |
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Definition
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Term
| use sunlight as the energy source. use carbon dioxide as their carbon source. photosynthetic bacteria, algae, and green plants are considered these... |
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Definition
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Term
| use chemical compounds as the source of energy and carbon dioxide |
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Definition
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Term
| use sunlight for energy. use organic compounds as carbon source. |
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Definition
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Term
| use organic compounds for both the source of energy and a carbon source.... |
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Definition
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Term
| some bacteria can obtain nitrogen from inorganic compounds such as _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| these nutritional requirements can be met by organic compounds or inorganic salts of sulfates |
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Definition
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Term
| required in trace amounts.... |
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Definition
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Term
| optimal growth in moderate temps. generally between 25 degree celcius and 40 degree celcius. they like soil, human body, and animals. most bacteria fall into this classification. |
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Definition
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Term
| bacteria that are found in hot springs, deep sea hydrothermal vents, tropical soil composts, and hay stacks are called.... |
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Definition
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Term
| grow very slow at 0 degree celcius but have an optimal growth range of 25 C to 30 C. abundant in nature and can cause food spoilage at fridge temps |
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Definition
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Term
| cold loving bacteria that can grow at 0 degrees celcius or lower... |
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Definition
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Term
| when microorganisms with cell walls can withstand some osmotic pressure, they are referred to as..... |
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Definition
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Term
| the sum of genetic material in an organism. in form of chromosome. (nonchromosomal plasmid = bacteria) |
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Definition
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Term
| unit that codes for particular information on a DNA molecule is |
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Definition
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Term
| single DNA molecule. includes proteins in eukaryotes. |
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Definition
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Term
| exact genetic makeup of an organism....this is called... |
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Definition
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Term
| observation characteristics of an organism. genotype + environment will equal this.... |
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Definition
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Term
| changes to the base pair sequence of DNA or RNA. passed on by cell division. unpredicatable event. occur naturally. |
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Definition
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Term
| an agent that causes mutations is.... |
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Definition
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Term
| macrolesions where the order of bases are switched or inverted. produce nonsence codons. |
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Definition
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Term
| transfer of free DNA from 1 cell to another. occurs naturally in many bacterial species. |
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Definition
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Term
| transfer of bacterial DNA from a bacteriophage into another cell |
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Definition
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Term
| transfer of genetic material during cell to cell contact. between mating cells of the same species or between closley related species. |
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Definition
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Term
| give the order of the binomial system..... |
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Definition
| domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
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Term
| group of helical, motile bacteria. twisting motions of their axial fibrils. found in various aqueous environments and in association with human or animal host. syphilis and lyme disease are considered these. |
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Definition
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Term
Treponema pallidum is....
borrella burgdorferi is..... |
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Definition
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Term
| they are either slightly curved or have multiple helical turns. motile with help of flagella. live in fresh or coatsal waters. helicobacter pylori- peptic ulcers, gastritus, duodenitis = example. this is what? |
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Definition
| aerobic/microaerophilic helical viroid gram negative bacteria |
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Term
| rhizobium, legionella, neisseria, bordetella, francisella. these bacterial are all considered..... |
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Definition
| gram negative aerobic rods and cocci |
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Term
these have simple nutritional requirements. found in soil, water, intestinal tracts of animals and humans.
escherichia coli is an example. |
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Definition
| facultative anaerobic gram negative rods |
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Term
| can be straight, curved, helical , motile, or nonmotile. present in GI tract of humans and animals. leptotrichia buccalis and fusobacterium are examples. they are commonly found along gum liine and tooth surfaces. |
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Definition
| anaerobic gram negative rods |
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Term
| these often occur in pair. found in mouth, intestines, vagina. often associated with long standing gingivitis in dental patients. veillonella is example that causes rare opportunistic infections |
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Definition
| anaerobic gram negative cocci |
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Term
very small gram negative bacteria. generally rod shaped but also look coccoidal. often cause disease.
_________ need a vertebrate.
____________ do not infect invertebrates. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| this is known as rocky mountain spotted fever. (tick bite) |
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Definition
|
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Term
| urogenital infections that are usually asymptomatic in men. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the smallest of the free living bacteria that do not have cell walls..... |
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Definition
| mycoplasmas and ureaplasma |
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Term
| include aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. range from harmless to very virulent forms. |
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Definition
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Term
| endospore forming gram positive rods and cocci include _____________ and _____________. they are important in medicine and food industry. their spores are resistant to heat and disinfectants. they are widespread in the soil. |
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Definition
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Term
| common cause of food poisoning. include free living and pathogenic species. |
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Definition
| endospore forming gram positive rods and cocci |
|
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Term
| obligate or facultative anaerobes. complex nutritional requirements. lactobacillus is example. some species of lactobacillus is used in making of yogurt, cheese, pickels, etc... |
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Definition
| regular nonsporing gram positive rods |
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Term
| unusual in shape (pleomorphic). mostly facultative anaerobes. actinomyces, corynebacterium diptheria = examples. |
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Definition
| irregular nonsporing gram positive rods |
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Term
| infections with ______________ are difficult to treat. its neither truly gram (-) or gram (+). its natually resistant to many antibiotics. |
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Definition
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Term
| originate in lungs and spread to other organ systems. infection is rare. widespread in environment. |
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Definition
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Term
| important source for antibiotics. gram positive. in soil and decaying vegetation. most are spore forming. infrequently cause disease. |
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Definition
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Term
these are archaea. grow in anaerobic environments (swamps, marshes, marine sediments, sludge).
produce methane ad metabolic byproduct. rapidly killed by oxygen. |
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Definition
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