Agranulocytosis.

disk shaped

also called thrombocyte

found in blood

aids in coagulation (clotting)

clinical features of what disease

excessive growth of skeletal muscle

large hands and feet

large mandible, maxilla and sinus

separation of teeth with maloclussion

frontal bossing and large nasal bones

excessive production of thyroid hormone

in children and adults

systemic disease

clinical features of what disease?

rosy complexion, erythema of palms

excessive sweating

fine hair and soft nails

anxiety, weakness

premature eruption of deciduous teeth and permanent teeth, osteoporosis, caries and periodontal disease

excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone

primary may be caused by hyperplasia or tumor

secondary causes are renal disease of vitamin  d deficiency

joint pain, stiffness, lethargy, and loosening of teeth as well as well circumscribed bone lesions and changes in trabeculation.  bone lesions are indistinguishable from central giant cell lesions.

peak age 20 yrs

accelerated atherosclerosis resulting in impaired blood circulation

increased risk of ulceration, gangrene, high blood pressure

kidney failure, stroke, acaanthosis nigricans, eye damage

nuerological complaints

decreased resistance to infection

candidaisis

slow wound healing

bilateral salivary gland enlargement

accentuated response to dental plaque

insufficient production of adrenal steroids

malignant tumor

infection

brown pigmentation of skin bronzing and melanotic macules

iron deficient

blood loss

increased demand for iron

poor absorption of iron

weak, tired, short of breath

angular chelitis, papillary atrophy and burning, pallor of oral mucosa.

microscopic features: microtic and hypochromic red blood cells.

hyperparathyroidism has elevated levels of what?

and low levels of what?

 elevated calcium in blood

low levels of phosphorus (hypophosphotemia)

in hyperparathyroidism

Unilocular or multilocular radiolucency

•Generalized mottled bone

•Partial loss of lamina dura

•Peripheral giant call granulomas can occur

is associated with type 2 diabetes and is characterized by hyperpigmented, velvety-textured plaques that appear symmetrically distributed in the folds and creases of the body

Increased prevalence of candidiasis

•Mucormycosis (rare fungal infection of palate and maxillary sinus) is more prevalent in poorly or uncontrolled diabetics

•Bilateral parotid enlargement from fat deposition or hypertrophy of salivary glands

xerostomia

periodontal disease

insulin dependent

brittle

early onset (juvenile)

not hereditary

not diet or weight controlled

not insulin dependent

adult onset

stable

heriditary

diet controlled and weight related

 severe hypoglycemia / ketoacidosis

signs may be nausea

abdominal cramps

distortion

fatigue

Male: 4.6 – 6.2 x 106

Female: 4.2 – 5.4 x 106

•

Male: 13.5 – 18 g

Female: 12.0 – 16 g

(volume % of red blood cells in whole blood)

hematocrit levels

Males: 40-54%

Females: 38-47%

chronic iron deficiency

increased risk of esophageal and oral cancer

microcytic and hyhpochromic red blood cells

difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)

atrophy of alimentary canal

labs show low hemoglobin and reduced hematocrit counts

Caused by a deficiency of intrinsic factor which is necessary for the absorption of Vitamin B12

Also caused by surgical removal of the stomach, gastric cancer or gastritis

B12 is needed for DNA synthesis therefore rapidly dividing cells (bone marrow and epithelial cells) are affected

Low serum vitamin B12 levels

Gastric achlorhydria (lack of hydrochloric acid)

Megaloblastic anemia (abnormally large red blood cells)

Schilling test

Detects an inability to absorb oral vitamin B

Laboratory test

Abnormally large red blood cells (megaloblastic)

Serum assays of folic acid and vitamin B

heterozygous form in which only one gene at a locus is involved

Asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic

-homozygous form, the genes on both chromosomes are involved

Associated with severe hemolytic anemia

Damage to red blood cell membranes and destruction of red blood cells

Child has a yellowish skin, fever, malaise, and weakness

Enlarged liver and spleen are common

Prominent cheekbones, depression of the bridge of the nose, an unusual prominence of the pre-maxilla, and protrusion or flaring of the maxillary anterior teeth

Prominence of some trabeculae and a blurring and disappearance of others, resulting in a "salt-and-pepper" effect.

Thinning of the lamina dura

circular radiolucencies in the alveolar bone

sickle cell anemia is homozygous

true/false

Loss of trabeculation - large, irregular marrow spaces

Change is most prominent in the alveolar bone

Skull described as a "hair-on-end" because the trabeculae radiate outward.

Ingested gluten causes injury to the intestinal mucosa

Malabsorption of other nutrients as a result of mucosal injury

Anemia and oral and clinical symptoms result

Dramatic decrease in all blood cells due to a severe depression of bone marrow activity (pancytopenia)

young adults

prognosis poor

infection, spontaneous bleeding, petechia and purpuric spots

(a decrease in white blood cells) and thrombocytopenia (a decrease in platelets) also occur

3 types of polycythemia

(increase in red blood cells circulating in blood)

•(1) Polycythemia vera (primary polycythemia)

•(2)Secondary polycythemia

•(3)Relative polycythemia

more common in men

age 40-60

not common in african americans

proliferation uncontrolled

Neoplastic proliferation of bone marrow stem cells that results in an abnormally high number of circulating RBC’S

headache

dizzy

itching (pruritis)

Increase in red blood cells

Caused by a physiologic response to decreased oxygen

Decreased oxygenation triggers an increase in erythropoietin by the kidneys which causes an increased production RBC’s

Causes of decreased oxygenation

pulmonary disease

heart disease

high altitudes

elevation in carbon monoxide

decrease in plasma volume

no increase in red blood cells

 acute causes:diuretic use, vomiting, diarrhea, exessive sweating

Chronic causes:stress polycythemia

mid aged white men under physiological stress, overweight, hypertensive, smokers risk of stroke and heart attack is high

oral mucosa deep red-purple

bleeding

ecchymosis

hemotoma

petechia

impaired blood flow and thrombocytopenia (decrease in platelets)

Granulocytes

•Lymphocytes

•Monocytes

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils)

•Eosinophils

•Basophils

primary-may be immunologic

secondary- caused by drugs or chemicals

sudden onset of fever, chills, jaundice, sor throat, oral infection, rapid perio and gingival bleeding

Infection

Necrotizing ulcerations

Excessive gingival bleeding from the gingiva

Rapid destruction of the supporting tissues of the teeth

Regional lymphadenopathy

All surgical procedures, including dental hygiene, are contraindicated with what disease