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Oral exam prep
Orals exam semester 1 prep
114
Education
Graduate
11/11/2020

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Cards

Term
Unwanted effects of extinction
Definition

Extinction burst

Spontaneous recovery 

Resurgence

Accidental reinforcement 

Extinction induced variability 

Aggression 

Resistance to extinction 

Term
Extinction burst
Definition
Increase in frequency and magnitude of responding when an extinction procedure is initially implemented
Term
Spontaneous recovery
Definition
A behavioral effect in which the behavior suddenly begins to occur after its frequency has decreased to its pre-reinforcement level or stopped entirely
Term
Resurgence
Definition
Reoccurrence of previously reinforced behavior when reinforcement for an alternative behavior is terminated or decreased
Term
Operant vs respondent extinction
Definition

Operant- discontinuing reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior

Respondent- conditioned stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus until the conditioned stimulus gradually loses its ability to elicit the conditioned response

Term
Generalization
Definition
Behavior changes that last over time, appear in different settings, or environments, and/or occur with other individuals
Term
Stimulus and response generalization
Definition

Stimulus- having the same response to different stimuli 

Response- having different responses to the same stimuli that result in the same consequence 

Term
Discrimination
Definition
Responding to the SD and not the Sdelta
Term
Discrimination training
Definition
Teaching a response in the presence of the SD by providing reinforcement for correct responding and not for the incorrect response (Sdelta)
Term
Respondent conditioning
Definition
A stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure in which a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral stimulus becomes conditioned and elicits a conditioned response
Term
Draw the operant conditioning paradigm
Definition

US -> UR

NS + US -> UR

NS does not -> UR

NS=CS

CS -> CR

Term
Operant conditioning
Definition
Basic process by which operant learning occurs. Consequences result in an increased or decreased frequency of the same type of behavior under similar motivational and environmental conditions in the future
Term
Draw operant conditioning paradigm
Definition
S -> R -> S then increase or decrease
Term
Contingency shaped behavior
Definition
Behavior that is under the control of the consequences
Term
Rule governed behavior
Definition
Behavior that is controlled by the statement of a rule. Occurs because of the history of reinforcement or punishment with rule following
Term
Functional analysis
Definition
An experimental analysis that involves manipulating consequences in order to determine the function of a behavior
Term
List the single subject designs
Definition
Alternating treatments, changing criterion, multiple baseline, reversal, withdrawal
Term
Single subject designs
Definition
A research design in which the subject serves as their own control
Term
Limitations of reversal design
Definition
May be unethical to remove an effective treatment, does not work if behavior is irreversible
Term
Limitations of multiple baseline design
Definition
Might have to wait to receive an effective treatment, might only be teaching the skill in one setting. Extended baseline.
Term
Limitations of alternating treatments design
Definition
Possible carryover affects, multiple treatment interference
Term
Limitations of changing criterion design
Definition
the target behavior must already be in the subject's repertoire and that the necessary features of the design may impede the natural learning rate
Term
Baseline logic
Definition

Prediction- predict that baseline would continue at similar rates if no intervention were implemented

Verification- prediction is verified in the return to baseline condition when the rates of behavior are similar to those in original baseline

Replication- is in the replication of the effect of the treatment

Term
Social, internal, and external validity
Definition

Social- degree to which goals and outcomes are significant to the individual and stakeholder

Internal- Degree to which treatment was responsible for the behavior change

External- Degree to which the findings generalize to other individuals, settings, or behaviors

Term
Accuracy, reliability, validity
Definition

Accuracy- The true value, does it match what occurred 

Reliability- The consistency of measure

Validity- Measuring what you intended to measure

Term
Interobserver agreement
Definition
The degree to which two or more independent observers report the same observed values after measuring the same events
Term
Shaping
Definition
Reinforcing successive approximations to the terminal behavior. Involves reinforcement and extinction
Term
Modeling and imitation
Definition

M- demonstrating the target response 

I- Engaging in the behavior that was just modeled 

Term
Parameters of reinforcement
Definition
Magnitude, quality, immediacy, schedule
Term
Behavior contract
Definition
Writing the contingencies of reinforcement and punishment in a contract explicitly for the parties involved. All parties sign the agreement to adhere to the outlined contingencies
Term
Independent group contingency
Definition
Reinforcement for each person in the group is dependent on that person meeting the specified criteria
Term
Dependent group contingency
Definition
Reinforcement for entire group is contingent on one person in the group meeting a specified criteria
Term
Interdependent group contingency
Definition
Reinforcement for the entire group is contingent upon every member of the group meeting a specified criteria
Term
Incidental teaching
Definition
Teaching in a natural environment under naturally occurring contingencies. Includes contriving situations that allow for teaching opportunities
Term
Level, trend, variability
Definition

Level- rate at which behavior occurs

Trend- Direction of data path

Variability- Instability of responding

Term
Radical behaviorism
Definition
Analysis of behavior that considers private events as behavior, stating that these private events can be measured via correlate behaviors
Term
Methodological behaviorism
Definition
Analysis of behavior that discounts private events as behavior
Term
7 dimensions of behavior analysis
Definition

Applied

Behavioral

Analysis

Technological 

Conceptually systematic 

Generality 

Effective

Term
7D- Applied
Definition
The study of socially significant behavior
Term
7D- Behavioral
Definition
The behavior chosen must be the behavior in need of improvement and it must be observable and measurable
Term
7D- Analytic
Definition
The experimenter has demonstrated a functional relation
Term
7D- Technological
Definition
All experiments and interventions should be described with sufficient detail for replication
Term
7D- Conceptually systematic
Definition
Behavior change interventions are derived from basic principles of behavior
Term
7D- Generality
Definition
The procedure can be expanded to other participants, behaviors, or settings
Term
Attitudes of science
Definition
Determinism, empiricism, experimentation, replication, parsimony, philosophic doubt
Term
Determinism
Definition
The universe is a lawful and orderly place, events happen as a result of other events
Term
Empiricism
Definition
The practice of objective observation of the phenomena of interest
Term
Experimentation
Definition
Carefully controlled comparison of 2 or more conditions in which one is manipulated to determine if functional relation exists
Term
Replication
Definition
Repeating an experiment or conditions within an experiment to strengthen internal validity and demonstrate generality
Term
Parsimony
Definition
Rule out simple or logical explanations before considering more complex explanations
Term
Philosophic doubt
Definition
Scientific knowledge is tentative and should be continually questioned
Term
Stimulus control
Definition

Behavior is more or less likely to occur in the presence of a particular stimulus than in the absence of that stimulus because of the history of reinforcement or punishment.

Is established when an SD signals that reinforcement is available because it has been paired with a consequence enough times so that we can say the SD has control over the behavior 

Term
Motivating operations
Definition
An environmental variable with behavior altering and value altering effects
Term
Value and behavior altering effects
Definition

Value- Increases or decreases the reinforcing or punishing effectiveness

Behavior- Increases or decreases the frequency of the behavior

Term
Discriminative stimulus
Definition
A stimulus that signals the availability or reinforcement
Term
Behavioral contingency
Definition
The consequence depends on the occurrence of a behavior
Term
Mentalism
Definition
The assumption that a inner dimension exists as well as a behavior dimension. Relies on explanatory fictions and hypothetical constructs as causes for occurrence of behavior
Term
Functional relation
Definition
A specific change in the dependent variable is produced by manipulating the independent variable that was unlikely the result of any other factors
Term
Descriptive analysis
Definition
A type of assessment that involves using indirect and direct assessment tools in order to develop a hypothesis about the functions of behavior
Term
State and define the Measurable dimensions of behavior
Definition

Repeatability- how many times a behavior occurs

Temporal extent- amount of time the behavior occurs

Temporal locus- dimension of behavior as it is related to another point in time

Term
Celeration
Definition
change in rate of responding over time
Term
Task analysis
Definition
The process pf breaking a complex skill or series of behaviors into smaller, teachable units
Term
3 elements of informed consent
Definition
Capacity, information, voluntariness
Term
Capacity
Definition
Deemed by the court. Person must be 18 or older and capable of speaking for themselves, or if they need someone to speak for them
Term
Information
Definition
Ensuring that purpose, procedures, risks, benefits, and limits of confidentiality have been explained
Term
Voluntariness
Definition
The participants involved are there at their own will and they can withdraw at any time
Term
Limits of confidentiality
Definition
insurance/payment purposes, mandated reporter
Term
EAB
Definition
Basic research in controlled settings that is an empirical investigation using arbitrary behaviors
Term
ABA
Definition
The scientific study of socially significant behavior change and how environmental stimuli affect behavior
Term
Using the principles of behavior in a realistic setting, not necessarily concerned with why intervention worked
Definition
Term
Environment
Definition
Everything except the moving parts of the organism involved in behavior
Term
Behavior
Definition
The activity of living organisms resulting in a measurable change in the environment
Term
Response
Definition
A specific instance of behavior
Term
Stimulus
Definition
An energy change within the environment that produces a change in the organisms behavior
Term
Response class
Definition
A group of responses that produce the same effect on the evironment/ evoke the same environment
Term
Stimulus class
Definition
A group of stimuli that share common elements and evoke the same response
Term
Chaining
Definition
Teaching a behavior chain. The product of each step serves to reinforce the previous step and provide SD to next step
Term
Discrete trial
Definition
An operant whose response rate is controlled by a given opportunity to emit the response.
Term
Free operant
Definition
Any operant behavior that results in minimal displacement of the participant in space and time, can be emitted at nearly any time.
Term
Errorless teaching
Definition
Teaching procedure that allows the learner to engage in the terminal response with minimal errors.
Term
Match to sample
Definition
A participant will make a response to a present sample stimulus
Term
Token economy
Definition
System where individuals earn generalized conditioned reinforcers as an immediate consequence for specific behaviors and then exchange the tokens for back up reinforcers
Term
Functional communication training
Definition
An antecedent intervention in which an appropriate communicative behavior is taught as a replacement behavior for problem behavior
Term
Behavioral cusp
Definition
A behavior that has sudden and dramatic consequences that extend well beyond the change itself because it exposes the person to new environments, reinforcers, contingencies, responses, and stimulus control
Term
Limitations of a withdrawal design
Definition
No second treatment phase, weak functional analysis, might not be getting an effective treatment if experiment is just left in baseline
Term
Unwanted effects of reinforcement
Definition
Prompt dependency, limited generalization, decrease in target behavior in other settings, increase in undesirable behaviors in the same response class, decrease in desirable behaviors in the same response class
Term
Plan for unwanted side effects of reinforcement
Definition

Have a plan to thin schedule of reinforcement

Teach multiple correct responses

Vary teaching setting/ teach for generalization 

Term
Ratio strain
Definition
Reduction in the rate of target behavior resulting from an increase in the ratio of reinforcement
Term
Post reinforcement pause
Definition
Fixed schedules produce post-reinforcement pauses, where responses will briefly cease immediately following reinforcement, pause is due to upcoming response requirement rather than the prior reinforcement
Term
Fixed ratio drawing
Definition

[image]

Looks like staircase

Term
Fixed interval drawing
Definition

[image]

Scalloped responding

Term
Variable ratio drawing
Definition

[image]

VR is high, steep 

Term
Variable interval drawing
Definition

[image]

Not high

Term
Lawfulness of behavior
Definition
That behavior happens as the result of other behaviors and stimuli in the environment
Term
Selectionism
Definition
Provides explanation for how people as individuals and people as groups change over time
Term
Pragmatism
Definition
Approach to assess the truth of meaning of theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application.
Term
Prompt
Definition
A physical or verbal stimulus used to evoke a response
Term
Conditioned reinforcer
Definition
A stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior that immediately precedes it because of prior pairing with one or more reinforcers.
Term
Conditioned punisher
Definition
A stimulus that decreases the future frequency of the behavior that immediately precedes it because of prior pairing with one or more punishers.
Term
Unconditioned punisher
Definition
A stimulus that decreases the future frequency of the behavior that immediately precedes it without prior pairing with other punishers.
Term

Automatic reinforcement 

Automatic punishment 

Definition

Reinforcement: Reinforcement that occurs independent of social mediation, in that the response product occurs without the action of another person.

Punishment: Punishment that occurs independent of social mediation in that it the response product occurs without the action of another person

Term
Unconditioned motivating operations
Definition
Environmental variable in which value-altering effects are unlearned
Term
Difference between MO and SD
Definition

SD signals the availability of reinforcement

MO has a value altering effect on reinforcement 

Term
Distinguish between MO and SR effects
Definition

MO is antecedent, increase effectiveness of a reinforcer 

Reinforcer is consequence, increases future frequency of a behavior  

 

Term
DRO
Definition
Any other behavior that is not the target behavior receives reinforcement
Term
DRA
Definition
Teach an alternative behavior to the target behavior, reinforce the occurrence of the replacement behavior
Term
DRI
Definition
Reinforce a behavior that cannot occur simultaneously with the target behavior
Term
DRL
Definition
Reinforcement is provided for behavior that occurs at or below a previously determined criteria
Term
DRH
Definition
Reinforcement is provided for behavior that occurs at or above a previously determined criteria
Term
Non-contingent reinforcement
Definition
NCR is time based response independent intervention.
Term
Evaluating the effectiveness of a behavioral program
Definition

Treatment integrity 

Operational definition 

Function of behavior 

Term
Stimulus discrimination
Definition
Responding to the SD and not the Sdelta, tight stimulus control
Term
Response generalization
Definition
Extent to which the learner can issue a behavior that is functionally equal to the behavior. Stimuli that occasion novel responses
Term
Stimulus generalization
Definition
Having the same response  to different stimuli. Loose stimulus control
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