Term
| Craniofacial abnormalities make up to....of all congenital abnormalities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Proliferation & Migration
Fertilization
Cleavage
Blastocyst
Gastrulatio |
|
|
Term
| Embryonic I: By the end of the third week you form... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Embryonic I: Congenital Abnormalities? |
|
Definition
| Few congenital abnormalities may form |
|
|
Term
| Embryonic II: Time period |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Embryonic II: What happens? |
|
Definition
Differentiation & Morphogenesis
Axis formation
Somite
Oral cavity
BA
Facial structures
Dental lamina
Palate |
|
|
Term
| Embryonic II: What happens to the face and the oral cavity |
|
Definition
| components of the face and oral cavity and the face has human appearance |
|
|
Term
| Embryonic II: Congenital defects? |
|
Definition
| Almost all congenital defects of the head and neck are developed at this stage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| further growth and maturation |
|
|
Term
| Fetal: Congenital abnormalities? |
|
Definition
| no malformation of the face |
|
|
Term
| When do we get formation of all the tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a cell assumes different shape & function from its neighbors |
|
|
Term
| Pattern Formation: Involves.. |
|
Definition
| a series of temporal and spatial molecular events during development |
|
|
Term
| Pattern Formation: Classical Process |
|
Definition
| Induction→ competence→ end result (differentiation, proliferation, programmed cell death) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| do not form tight junctions with each other (loosely embedded in extracellular matrix) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Key molecules involved in patterning |
|
Definition
1- Growth factors
2- homeobox (DNA binding motif)-containing transcription factors
3- microRNA- noncoding small RNA known to suppress gene expression during development |
|
|
Term
| How do these molecules involved in patterning function? |
|
Definition
| by establishing developmental codes through expression of various combinations of growth factors and transcription factors |
|
|
Term
| What is a developmental code? |
|
Definition
| expression of various combinations of growth factors and transcription factors |
|
|
Term
| Disruption in developmental code? |
|
Definition
| craniofacial abnormalities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transforming growth factor |
|
|
Term
| TGF-Beta family: Molecules |
|
Definition
| TGF-β (1-5), BMP (2-8), Growth differentiation factor (1-7) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
→ Fate determination in ectoderm (neural and skin)
→ Regionalization and differentiation of NCC
→ dental epithelium, epithelial-mesenchymal interactions
→ adhesion and fusion of palatal shelves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| epithelial cell growth, fusion of palatal shelves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
→survival of NCC and is critical for outgrowth
→pattern formation of 1st BA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fate determination, midbrain formation, dental and oral epithelium pattern formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pattern formation throughout development from segmentation to dentition very important in patterning, involved in segmentation, neurulation and axis formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| epithelial stem cell maintenance, P63-deficient mice lack all squamous epithelia and their derivatives, including hair, whiskers, teeth, as well as the mammary, lacrimal, and salivary glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| null mutation results in defect in cranial neural crest cell-derived skeletal elements. Specify the identity of frontonasal process. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Homeobox Containing Genes |
|
Definition
| master regulatory genes that encode transcription factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| governs pattern formation in rhombomeres and NCCs which direct fate of branchial arches 2-6 |
|
|
Term
| What are the first family of genes to be involved in BA development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involved in establishment and morphogenesis of structures derived from epithelial-mesenchymal interactions including teeth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| expressed in mesenchyme of molar teeth (involved in maxillary molar tooth formation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Expressed in dental mesenchyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| induced by BMPs and involved in differentiation of NCC to osteoblasts during intramembranous ossification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lhx8 (LIM homeobox gene family) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Strategies employed by multicellular organisms to compartmentalize a cell population |
|
Definition
1) Spatial and temporal control of gene expression
2) Localized RNA molecules in cell asymmetrical cell divisions
3) The concentration-dependent effect of morphogens
4) Combinatorial expression of regulatory molecules
5) Competency of cells to respond to different signals at different time
6) Spatial and temporal regulation of the cell cycle
7) Cell death |
|
|
Term
| Sequence of events in craniofacial development |
|
Definition
1. Expansion of germ layers (14-20 days post-fertilization)
2. Folding of the embryo and formation of stomodeum (20-24 days)
3. Formation of branchial arches (23-30 days)
4. Development of facial processes around stomodeum (35-42 days)
5. Fusion and merging of the processes (42-44 days)
6. Palatine formation and separation of oro-nasal cavity (45-60 days)
7. Ossification (development of jaws) (55-65 days) |
|
|
Term
| Expansion of Germ Layers: Days post-fertilization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Expansion of Germ Layers: Growth and Differentiation of Ectoderm and Mesoderm |
|
Definition
Rapid and disproportional growth of ectoderm and mesoderm
results in folding of embryo and axis formation and sets up
the body plan |
|
|
Term
| Expansion of Germ Layers: Neuralation |
|
Definition
| Division of ectoderm into two layers |
|
|
Term
| Expansion of Germ Layers: Layers resulted from Neuralaton |
|
Definition
Skin Ectoderm
Neuroectoderm (neural ectoderm) |
|
|
Term
| Expansion of Germ Layers: Skin ectoderm |
|
Definition
| External layer covering the embryo (epidermis) and lining of oral cavity |
|
|
Term
| Expansion of Germ Layers: Neuroectoderm |
|
Definition
| Nervous system and Neural crest cells (NCC) |
|
|
Term
| Expansion of Germ Layers: Neuroectoderm -->Nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Expansion of Germ Layers:Neuroectoderm-->Nervous system-->Neural tube |
|
Definition
| Expansion of anterior portion of neural tube |
|
|
Term
| Anterior portion of Neural Tube |
|
Definition
| Forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain including eight rhombomeres separated from epidermis by a layer of mesodermal cells except at the otic, orbital and olfactory placodes (important role in head formation) |
|
|
Term
| Expansion of Germ Layers: Neuroectoderm--> NCC |
|
Definition
| A group of cells originate from the ectoderm at the neural plate border (between surface ectoderm and the lateral margin of the neural plate) → extensive migration and differentiation capacity to form bones, tendons, neurons, glia, melanocytes, and connective and adipose tissue → NCC ventrolateral migration from midbrain and 1st two rhombomeres as two streams forms embryonic connective tissue of the face (ectomesenchyme)→ crucial for face and teeth development |
|
|
Term
| Expansion of Germ Layers: Mesoderm Deposition |
|
Definition
| Lateral folding of embryo determines the deposition of mesoderm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the head region it forms somatomeres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| head musculature and extrinsic eye muscle and part of the cranial skeleton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 7, head musculature and parts of cranial skeleton |
|
|
Term
| Somites: How many and what do they consist of? |
|
Definition
sclerotome,myotome,dermatome
40-44 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intermingles with NCC in the anterior portion of the embryo and participate in development of face. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Forms the lining of gut tube
Meets ectoderm at buccopharyngeal membrane |
|
|
Term
| SHH in Differentiation of Ectoderm |
|
Definition
| neural ectoderm thickens, elongates, and rolls up into a tube |
|
|
Term
| BMP 4 in Differentiation of Ectoderm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cranial Neural Crest Cells |
|
Definition
Versatile cells that differentiate to a variety of cells
From neuroectoderm-lateral aspect of neural fold
Undergo Epithelial-mesenchymal transition
Major players in craniofacial morphogenesis |
|
|
Term
| Genes involved in formation and proliferation of NCC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gene involved in induction and migration of NCC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| key factor in NCC survival and tissue-specific differentiation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Folding of Head and Formation of Stomatodeum: When |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Folding of Head and Formation of Stomatodeum: Growth of mesoderm and neural tube results in... |
|
Definition
| folding of head and formation of stomodeum (oral cavity) with ectodermal lining and separated from the guts (endodermal origin) by oropharyngeal membrane |
|
|
Term
| Folding of Head and Formation of Stomodeum:Oropharyngeal membrane does.. |
|
Definition
separation of ectoderm from endoderm
separation of stomodeum from guts |
|
|
Term
| Folding of Head and Formation of Stomodeum: First event in facial development (4th week)... |
|
Definition
| disintegration of oropharyngeal membrane allowing enlargement of stomodeum. |
|
|
Term
| Folding of Head and Formation of Stomodeum: Fourth week the...develop..in |
|
Definition
| branchial arches develop in the wall of pharynx flanking oral cavity |
|
|
Term
| Folding of Head and Formation of Stomodeum: We get.. |
|
Definition
| the closure of anterior neural fold |
|
|
Term
| Formation of Branchial Arches: When? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Formation of Branchial Arches: They are the major participants in the development of.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Formation of Branchial Arches: Are formed mainly from.. |
|
Definition
migration and proliferation of NCC in the pharyngeal wall
Proliferation of lateral plate mesoderm and NCC in the wall of pharynx |
|
|
Term
| Formation of Branchial Arches: They form.. |
|
Definition
| U-shaped rod-like structures that separate stomatodeum from the developing heart |
|
|
Term
| Formation of Branchial Arches: How many? |
|
Definition
Six
4 are visible externally and the 5th is transient |
|
|
Term
| Formation of Branchial Arches: BA 1,2,3 Involve |
|
Definition
| The formation of the face, mouth, tongue |
|
|
Term
| Formation of Branchial Arches: BA 4,6 Involve |
|
Definition
| development of the larynx |
|
|
Term
| Formation of Branchial Arches: Second arch growth |
|
Definition
| grows and forms an apron over BA3,BA4 (depression is called cervical sinus) which forms the covering of the neck |
|
|
Term
| Formation of Branchial Arches: Cervical Sinus |
|
Definition
| depression where the Second BA covers the 3rd and 4th BA |
|
|
Term
| Anatomy of Branchial Arach |
|
Definition
| Mesodermal core covered by ectoderm endoderm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Artery, Cartilage, Muscle, Nerve |
|
|
Term
| What arises from Groove 1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What arises from pouch 1? |
|
Definition
Tympanic membrane and antrum
Pharyngotympanic (Auditory) tube |
|
|
Term
| What arises from grooves II, III IV? |
|
Definition
| obliterated by overgrowth of the second arch |
|
|
Term
| What arises from pouch II? |
|
Definition
| forms the wall of the pharynx at the level of palatine tonsil (palatine fossa) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dorsal: inferior parathyroid gland
ventral: thymus gland |
|
|
Term
| Pouch III: During the 7th week.. |
|
Definition
both of these diverticula separate from the pouch and move caudally
The thymus may leave some thymic tissue along its path as it descends |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dorsal: superior parathyroid gland
ventral: parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland which produce calcitonin |
|
|
Term
| Each arch is covered externally by ectoderm and internally by endoderm with the exception of... |
|
Definition
| the 1st BA that is entirely covered by ectoderm |
|
|
Term
| The Muscles that develop from the BA are.....but they do not arise from....... |
|
Definition
skeletal muscles.....somites
Striated muscle used from mastication 1st and then 2nd facial expression |
|
|
Term
| Innervation of the Arches: 1st arch |
|
Definition
| CN V (trigeminal) --> muscles of mastication |
|
|
Term
| Innervation of the Arches: 2nd Arch |
|
Definition
| CN VII (facial) -->muscles of facial expression |
|
|
Term
| Innervation of the Arches: 3rd Arch |
|
Definition
| CNIV (glossopharyngeal)--> pharynx |
|
|
Term
| Innervation of the Arches: 4th Arch |
|
Definition
| CNX (Vagus) --> superior laryngeal and palatal branches |
|
|
Term
| Innervation of the Arches: 5th (6th) Arch(es) |
|
Definition
| CNX (Vagus)--> recurrent laryngeal of the vagus |
|
|
Term
| Innervation of the Arches: 1st arch |
|
Definition
| CN V (trigeminal) --> muscles of mastication |
|
|
Term
| Innervation of the Arches: 2nd Arch |
|
Definition
| CN VII (facial) -->muscles of facial expression/sensory tongue taste |
|
|
Term
| Innervation of the Arches: 3rd Arch |
|
Definition
| CNIV (glossopharyngeal)--> pharynx (stylopharyngeus) |
|
|
Term
| Innervation of the Arches: 4th Arch |
|
Definition
| CNX (Vagus) --> superior laryngeal and palatal branches (intrinsic muscles of larynx and esophagus and levator palatini |
|
|
Term
| Innervation of the Arches: 5th (6th) Arch(es) |
|
Definition
| CNX (Vagus)--> recurrent laryngeal of the vagus |
|
|
Term
| Cartilage formed by NCC: BA 1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Meckels Cartilage forms (BA1) |
|
Definition
Maxillary and mandibular bones
Malleus, Incus, spheno-mandibular ligament |
|
|
Term
| Cartilage formed by NCC: BA 2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reichert's Cartilage forms (BA2) |
|
Definition
| stapes, styloid process, body and lesser horn of hyoid, and stylohyoid ligament |
|
|
Term
| Cartilage formed by NCC: BA 3 |
|
Definition
Lower part of hyoid bone
body and greater horn of hyoid |
|
|
Term
| Cartilage formed by NCC: BA 4 and 6 |
|
Definition
the laryngeal cartilage
Thyroid and Cricoid Cartilage |
|
|
Term
| What does control formation of different structures? |
|
Definition
| Specific pattern of mesenchymal migration from NC to the BAs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Formation of Facial Processes and Structures:Time period |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Formation of Facial Processes and Structures: Events |
|
Definition
→ Migration of NCC into the developing facial region
→ A large frontal prominance is made by proliferating mesoderm
→ Local thickening of ectoderm near the lateral border of frontonasal process forms nasal pit
→ Mesoderm of 1st arch grows to two processes; maxillary and mandibular
→ Primordia around the stomodeum (primitive mouth) become active centers of growth to form facial processes
These process fuse to form structures |
|
|
Term
| Frontonasal process divided into... |
|
Definition
4 processes
2(Lateral Nasal Processes, Medial Nasal processes) |
|
|
Term
| Formation of Facial Processes and Structures: Frontonasal process contributes to.. |
|
Definition
| formation of eyelids, forehead, nose and upper boundary of mouth |
|
|
Term
| Formation of Facial Processes and Structures: 2 Maxillary processes contribute to.. |
|
Definition
| lateral boundaries of the mouth |
|
|
Term
| Formation of Facial Processes and Structures: 2 Mandibular processes contribute to... |
|
Definition
| lower boundary of the mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
adhesion of epithelial cells to each other to form midline seam that is eventually removed by rapid growth of ectomesenchyme, thining of epidermal cells followed by apoptosis allow continuity of the mesenchyme
degenerate, killed epithelial cells to form uniform connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rapid growth of mesenchyme and elimination of the forrow
No destruction of epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
| In fusion: If the epithelial barrier does not break down (deficiency of connective tissue).. |
|
Definition
| poorly fused processes are formed as the face continue to develop→ origin of cleft lip or palate |
|
|
Term
Development of Oro-facial structures: Time Period
Merging and fusion of the processes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Below the eye, the.....process merges with the.....process between the eye and the nasal pit to form the....... |
|
Definition
| maxillary process......lateral nasal process.....nasolacrimal goove (later forms the nasolacrimal duct) |
|
|
Term
| Maxillary processes continues their growth anteromedially to... |
|
Definition
| meet and fuse with the medial nasal processes, |
|
|
Term
| The maxillary and medial nasal processes... |
|
Definition
| separate the nasal pits from the stomodeum and forming the upper lip |
|
|
Term
| Failure to fuse the medial nasal processes and the maxillary processes results in.. |
|
Definition
| vertical defect in the upper lip extending into naris called hare-lip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| failure to fuse medial nasal parocesses and maxillary processes |
|
|
Term
| The Frontonasal process is composed of tissue that surrounds the.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Following closure of the anterior neuropore, the ectoderm that will line the nasal cavities.. |
|
Definition
| (olfactory placodes) is located on the lateral aspects of the frontonasal prominence |
|
|
Term
| In the fifth week of gestation, the olfactory placodes line.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms around the nasal pits? |
|
Definition
| The medial and lateral nasal prominences |
|
|
Term
| The mesenchyme of the medial, lateral nasal prominences and the thick olfactory placode form epithelium which form |
|
Definition
| axons, forming olfactory nerves |
|
|
Term
| Union of what three process is required for normal development of the upper lip? |
|
Definition
| LNP, MNP and maxillary prominence |
|
|
Term
| The medial nasal prominence merge in.. |
|
Definition
| the midline to smooth the median furrow |
|
|
Term
| Growth of maxillary process from.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medial nasal processes merge together and give rise to... |
|
Definition
| mid portions of the nose (including nasal bridge and nasal septum) and the upper lip (philtrum) and the primary palate (completed by 6th week) |
|
|
Term
| Medial nasal processes give rise to... |
|
Definition
| nose, upper lip, and primary palate |
|
|
Term
| Mesoderm of each maxillary process grows medially and...(action) |
|
Definition
| fuse with each other to separate the roof of the stomodeum from deeper parts of the nasal pit, this is called palatal process (shelf) starts at week 6 |
|
|
Term
| Maxillary processes form.. |
|
Definition
| the maxilla, upper cheek regions, and most of the upper lip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lower jaw (mandible) and the lower lip form.. |
|
Definition
| by merging of the medial ends of the two mandibular processes |
|
|
Term
| Some of the epithelium becomes thicker and odontogenic... |
|
Definition
| formation of primary epithelial band (4 zones for upper jaws and two zones for lower jaw) |
|
|
Term
| Tongue Formation: Begins....and where? |
|
Definition
| 4 weeks, at the floor of the oral cavity |
|
|
Term
| The Floor of the Oral Cavity Forms |
|
Definition
| body of the tongue and the root of the tongue |
|
|
Term
| Body of the tongue is formed from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Body of tongue is formed by.. |
|
Definition
| two lateral lingual swellings and one triangular medial tuberculum impar |
|
|
Term
| The two lateral lingual swellings and one triangular tuberculum impar merge to form.... |
|
Definition
| the mucous membrane of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue |
|
|
Term
| The Anterior 2/3 tongue is innervated (sensory) by |
|
Definition
| CN V and is covered by ectoderm |
|
|
Term
| The root of the tongue is formed... |
|
Definition
| behind the oral membrane mainly from BA 3 |
|
|
Term
| The root of the tongue forms.. |
|
Definition
| a medial swelling called hypobranchial eminance |
|
|
Term
| The anterior portion of the root of the tongue (posterior 1/3) is called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sensory innervation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue is from... |
|
Definition
| CN IV, the root is covered by endoderm |
|
|
Term
| What is the root of the tongue covered by.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Separation of the tongue from the mouth floor by... |
|
Definition
| a down growth of the ectoderm around its periphery which subsequently degenerates to form lingual sulcus allowing tongue mobility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| from occipital somites that have migrated into the tongue area and their nerve supplies (CNXII) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the outgrowth, elevation, contact, and fusion of the palatal shelves |
|
|
Term
| Secondary palate formation occurs during |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Palatogenesis results in... |
|
Definition
| separation of the oral and nasal cavities |
|
|
Term
| Palatogenesis results from... |
|
Definition
| fusion of the palatine shelves that are formed from each maxillary process after withdrawal of the tongue from the area between the shelves |
|
|
Term
| Palatogenesis fusion of the plate with the nasal septum results.. |
|
Definition
| in division of nasal cavity to two halves |
|
|
Term
| Palatogenesis adhesion of epithelial covering between palatine shelves and the primary palate results in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Palatogenesis: Ossification in.. |
|
Definition
| the anterior part of the secondary palate (where it fused to the nasal septum) and the primary palate to form the hard palate |
|
|
Term
| Palatogenesis: Posterior to the septum... |
|
Definition
| the secondary palate is not ossified resulting in formation of soft palate and uvula |
|
|
Term
| What mediates Palatal shelf adhesion? |
|
Definition
TGFBeta-3: induced Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan
the glue is called CSPG |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| necessary for normal craniofacial development and palate closure by controlling MMP expression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
breaks down protein, important to break down of epithelial cells
Connective tissue does not fill and when head grows then the two shelves break away |
|
|
Term
| Ossification of Head and Face: What time period? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intramembraneous ossification |
|
Definition
| conversion of preexisting connective tissue to bone tissue |
|
|
Term
| Endochondral Ossification |
|
Definition
| replacement of cartilage to bone |
|
|
Term
| In Intramembraneous ossification.. |
|
Definition
| Some of the cells then differentiate to form osteoblasts (others to form capillaries), Osteoblasts secrete calcium-binding collagen-proteoglycan matrix. Mostly the osteoblasts are outside of the calcifying bone, but some are trapped inside and differentiate into osteocytes, which radiate out bony spicules. Mesenchymal cells form a periosteum membrane around the calcified areas and some of the periosteal cells differentiate into osteoblasts and contribute to formation of more layers of bone. |
|
|
Term
| Cranial Vault: Ossification |
|
Definition
| membrane –base ossification, flat bones of the skull are separated by dense connective tissue membrane called sutures and 6 large fibrous called fontanelles→ the softness of the bones and their loose connection allow rapid growth of the brain in early childhood. |
|
|
Term
| Cranial Base: Ossification |
|
Definition
→ forms in cartilage ( by orbital and nasal cartilages)
Face → both types of ossification is observed → contain cartilagenous skeleton of the 1st three BA and intramembraneous ossification occures within maxillary process to form premaxilla, the maxilla, the zygomatic and the squamous temporal bone and the mandible |
|
|
Term
| Commonality of Jaw Development |
|
Definition
-Membraneous ossification related to a nerve and a primary cartilage
-formation of neural element related to a nerve
-formation of alveolar element related to the teeth
-develop secondary cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membraneous ossification by condensation of mesenchyme |
|
|
Term
| Body of Mandible Formation |
|
Definition
| along the meckel’s cartilage (but independently) and developed in relation to the nerve of the 1st BA at the site of branching of inferior alveolar branch to mental and incisor branches. At 6 weeks a condensation of mesenchyme occurs at this site and a week later intramembranous ossification starts at this site. Bone grows lateral to cartilage and form a trough from which medial and lateral alveolar plates develop that are partitioned and contain tooth germs. |
|
|
Term
| Ramus of Mandible Formation |
|
Definition
| moves away from meckel’s cartilage at lingula (where inf. alveolar nerve enters the body of mandibula) |
|
|
Term
| Further Growth is assisted by |
|
Definition
| three secodnary cartilages (condylar, coronoid and symphyseal) and development of muscular attachments. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
→develop from a center of ossification in the ectomesenchyme of the maxillary process where the anterosuperior dental nerve is given off from the infraorbital nerve.
→ It is closely associated with the cartilage of nasal capsule.
→forms a trough for infraorbital nerve and a downward extension of the bone forms the lateral alveolar plate for the maxillary tooth germs
→ The junction between the palatines and main body of the maxilla becomes the medial alveolar process
Secondary cartilage: Zygomatic cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
well marked frontal process, alveolar process, zygomatic and platal processes.
The body of maxilla is small because the maxilary sinus has not developed. |
|
|
