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| angle of reflection = angle of incidence (against normal/perpendicular of mirror) |
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| angle of incidence varies when light reflects off a rough surface |
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| the distance of the image appearing behind the mirror is equal to the distance of the object from the mirror |
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--> ) Archimedes if an object is outside the center of curvature, the image is inverted, smaller and real if an object is inside the focal point, it is upright, larger and virtual |
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1/do + 1/di = 1/f do=object distance to center of mirror di=image distance to center of mirror f=focal length (assign a negative to virtual image) |
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| image is always upright, smaller and virtual |
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n = c/v v=velocity in a medium d'/d = nair/nwater |
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n1sinθ1=n2sinθ2 light changes direction when crossing the boundary of one medium to another (refraction) larger<-towards lato light ray bends towards perpendicular normal when light ray enters a larger index of refraction smaller->away smay light ray bends away from perpendicular normal when light ray enters a smaller index of refraction light ray's frequency remains unchanged when crossing from one medium to another (refraction) |
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| total internal reflection |
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| light goes to smaller index of refraction, angle of refraction is 90o; if the angle of incidence is large enough where angle of refraction is 90o, no transmission occurs |
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| light is transmitted even if fiber is not straight due to total internal reflection |
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| thickness is small compared to radius of curvature |
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