Term
| What is the wavelength of invariant blue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the wavelength of invariant green? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the red wavelength used in the anomoloscope? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the wavelength of invariant yellow? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the kelvin value of Illuminant A? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the kelvin value of Illuminant B? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the kelvin value of Illuminant C? |
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Definition
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Term
| Kollner rule blue-yellow deficits come from damage to what locations? |
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Definition
Outer retinal structures
Media of the eye |
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Term
| Kollner rule red-green deficits come from damage to what locations? |
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Definition
Inner retinal structures
optic nerve and pathways |
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Term
| What conditions can cause blue-yellow deficits? |
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Definition
Nuclear sclerosis (media)
diabetic retinopathy
macular degeneration |
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Term
| What conditions can cause red-green deficits? |
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Definition
Toxic amblyopia
Leber's optic atrophy
Pathway lesions |
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Term
| What part of vision procesing is V1 responsible for? |
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Definition
Dominance slabs
Edge detectors |
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Term
| What part of vision procesing is V3 responsible for? |
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Definition
Local motion
Phi-phenomenon |
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Term
| What is the last cortical area where parvo, konio and magno streams are seen together? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of vision processing is the V4 responsible for? |
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Definition
color vision
faces
luster
rivalry |
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Term
| Where does the parvocellular stream end? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of vision processing is the V5 resonsible for? |
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Definition
global motion
complex cells |
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Term
| What is the standing potential for EOG, ERG and EOP? |
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Definition
EOG = 6.0mV
ERG = 0.06 mV
VEP = 5.0 uV |
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Term
| What are the neutral points for the 3 color anomalies? |
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Definition
Protan = 492 nm
Deutan = 498 nm
Tritan = 569 nm |
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Term
| What are the copunctal points for the 3 color anomalies? |
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Definition
Protan = 700 nm
Deutan = Extra spectral purple
Tritan = 430 nm |
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Term
| What are the frequencies of best color discrimination according to the 'W' graph? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do magno cellular axons enter the visual cortex? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do parvo cellular axons enter the visual cortex? |
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Definition
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Term
| Per hemisphere, how many fibers go from the visual cortex to the LGN? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do the outputs from V1 layer VI go? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do outputs from V1 layer V go? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do outputs from VI layer II and III go? |
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Definition
| Continues the magno (dorsal) and parvo (ventral) stream |
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Term
| Where is the retinotopic map in the visual cortex? |
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Definition
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Term
| The fovea represents what percentage of the retina and cortex, respectively? |
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Definition
| 0.2% of the retina but 66% of the cortex |
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Term
| Why do blobs stain with Cytochrome oxidase? |
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Definition
| CO stains cells with lots of mitochondria, i.e. cells with high metabolic activity |
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Term
| What are our edge detectors tuned to detect best, second best, and third best? |
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Definition
| horizontal, vertical, and oblique edges |
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Term
| What do simple cortical cells do? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do complex cortical cells do? |
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Definition
| Detect unidrectional movement and edges |
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Term
| What is the dominant input to complex cortical cells? |
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Definition
| Magno more than parvo, thus unidirectional movement detection capability |
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Term
| What kind of cells perform stereopsis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is ocular dominance at the retinal or cortex level? |
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Definition
| Cortex. The dominant eye will pay greater attention to the input from the dominant eye |
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Term
| What two areas show damage in prosopagnosia? |
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Definition
Fusiform facial area near V4
Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus |
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Term
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Definition
| Improperly referencing where a stimulus came from |
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Term
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Definition
| When an object appears farther away than it truly is |
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Term
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Definition
| When an object appears closer than it truly is |
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Term
| What is kinetopsia? Where does it originate in the brain? |
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Definition
| Seeing movement when none is present; medial temporal or V5 |
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Term
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Definition
| Seeing an object when it is no longer there |
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Term
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Definition
| Seeing multiples of a single object |
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Term
| Why do dementia and caffeine cause hallucinations? |
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Definition
| Poor perfusion (hypoxia via ischemia) |
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Term
| What type of hallucination is seen while falling asleep? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of hallucination is seen while waking up? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1-4 hz, found in deep sleep, young children, or those with brain lesions |
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Term
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Definition
| 4-8 hz, just before falling asleep, dreaming, or drowsy |
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Term
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Definition
| 8-12 hz, the 'dial tone' of the brain. Awake, but eyes closed or relaxed |
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Term
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Definition
12-20 hz, alert or REM dreaming
Is rhythmic in pathology or drug use |
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Term
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Definition
| 20-80 hz, higher thinking, problem solving, fear |
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Term
| Visual agnosias most commonly affect what visual field and what lobe? |
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Definition
| left visual field and right parietal lobe |
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Term
| Which is faster, the 'What' or 'Where' pathway? |
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Definition
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Term
| What pathway carries color, 'What' or 'Where'? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which pathway has the most detail, 'What' or 'Where'? |
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Definition
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Term
| Agnosias stem from defects in which pathway: 'What' or 'Where'? |
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Definition
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Term
| Visual neglect stems from defects in which pathway: 'What' or 'Where'? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Triad of simultagnosia, oculomotor ataxia, and oculomotor apraxia |
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Term
| What is the relationship between Broca's, Wernicke's and Visual Neglect? |
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Definition
| They are controlateral to one another usually. Speech and speech understanding are normal (left hemisphere), visual system is faulty (right hemisphere) |
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Term
| What is worse, apperceptive or associative agnosias? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do apperceptive agnosias originate? |
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Definition
right inferior parietal lobe, fed by MCA
Where pathway |
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Term
| Where do associative agnosias originate? |
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Definition
left occipitotemporal area near Wernicke's
What pathway |
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Term
| V3 is found in what pathway? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does EOP voltage potential go up in the light or dark? |
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Definition
| Is greater in the light by a factor of 2x as dark current shuts off, retina hyperpolarizes relative to the positive cornea |
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Term
| From the light peak to the dark trough, what is the ratio of the change? |
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Definition
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Term
| After lights are off, how long until the dark trough potential is realized? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a normal Arden ratio? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is does an Arden ratio of 165-180 mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does an Arden ratio of 300% mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the #1 thing that EOG is used to dx? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can EOG be used to dx small areas of retinal inflammation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does an ERG measure when a photopigment decouples? |
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Definition
| The Early Receptor Potential (ERP) |
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Term
| Where does the A-wave originate? |
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Definition
| negative deflection from PR |
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Term
| Where does the B-wave originate? |
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Definition
| Positive deflection from Mueller/Bipolar cells |
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Term
| Where does C-wave originate? |
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Definition
| May not be present, only seen with long illumination periods. RPE cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Blindness that the pt is often unaware of |
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Term
| What causes Anton syndrome? |
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Definition
birth defects
trauma
Creutzfeld-Jakob
Epilepsy meds |
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Term
| What part of the visual cortex is most important for conscious awareness of vision? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does the OKN reflex require the visual cortex? |
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Definition
| No, it is processed in the nuclei of the optic tracts |
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Term
| What is contrast sensitivity at age 4? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Stiles Crawford II effect? |
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Definition
| If colors are perceived from off-axis locations, their color will be slightly shifted toward the red and slightly desaturated |
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Term
| What are the 4 types of stereo cells? |
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Definition
far and near cells (coarse stereo)
Tuned excitatory and tuned inhibitory cells |
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Term
| What do far stereo cells do? |
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Definition
| Fire if the target is beyond our foveal fixation, and inhibit the near cells at the same time |
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Term
| What do near stereo cells do? |
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Definition
| Fire if the target is nearer than our foveal fixation and inhibit far cells at the same time |
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Term
| What do tuned excitatory cells do? |
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Definition
| Fire when a given value of stereo disparity is detected. Makes up 50% of all stereo cells |
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Term
| What do tuned inhibitory cells do? |
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Definition
| Inhibit stereo detectors and makes up 20% of all stereo receptors |
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Term
| What are the 6 parts of the Retino-Tectal pathway? |
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Definition
Nucleus of the optic tract
Pulvinar
Pre-Tectum
Superior colliculus
Hypothalamus
LGN |
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Term
| What CN's are part of the Nucleus of the Optic Tract (NOT)? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Coordinates auditory and visual inputs into a spatial grid, found in the thalamic nucleus
Helps with visually guided movements and motion processing |
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Term
| What does the human pre-tectum do? |
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Definition
| OKN reflex, it is found in the midbrain |
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Term
| What does the Superior colliculus control? |
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Definition
| Reflexive foveations and reflexive saccades |
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Term
| Why is the hypothalamus part of the NOT? |
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Definition
| In order to get inputs for circadian rhythm timing, seasons, breeding?, mood (SAD) |
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Term
| What allows you to habituate to spatial effects of new glasses? |
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Definition
| The vestibulo-ocular reflex found in the NOT |
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Term
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Definition
Dominance slabs and Edge detectors
Magno, Parvo, and Konio pathways |
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Term
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Definition
Dominance slabs and edge detectors
Magno, Parvo, and Konio pathways |
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Term
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Definition
Medial superior temporal lcoation, processes local motion
Magno, parvo, konio are present, but no longer communicating |
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Term
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Definition
Inferior temporal. Parvo stream ends here.
Color vision, facial recognition |
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Term
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Definition
| middle temporal, processes global motion and end of the magno stream |
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Term
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Definition
| Color vision, receives input from parvocellular cells in layer 4C Beta, outputs to thin stripes in V2 |
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Term
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Definition
| sense orientation instead of color. Output to pale stripes of area V2 |
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