Term
| What neurons are affeccted in alz. Dz? |
|
Definition
| loss in the hippocampus, amygdala, cortex |
|
|
Term
| What roles does the hippocampus play? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What role does the amygdala play? |
|
Definition
| connects hypothalamus --> cortex |
|
|
Term
| What ocular SE often presents in Alz. w/ Glaucoma pts? |
|
Definition
| greater vision loss when comorbid with glaucoma, progresses faster |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| progressive impairment of cognitive fxn |
|
|
Term
| What is the frequency of dementia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does dementia affect the level of consciousness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are impaired in dementia? |
|
Definition
| cerebral cortex, and subcortical connections |
|
|
Term
| Are there reversible dementias? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can cause reversible dementias? |
|
Definition
1) Intracranial mass lesions
2) Vt B12 deficiency
3) Hypothyroidism
4) neurosyphilis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are common causes of static dementia? |
|
Definition
1) severe head injury
2) Ischemia from cardiac arrest
3) infections
4) Surgery for neoplasms or hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
| What is alz. Type progressive dementia? |
|
Definition
| slowly progressive dementia of unknown cause |
|
|
Term
| What % of dementia is alz. Type progressive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what age does alz type dementia begin to appear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are risk factors for alz. Dz? |
|
Definition
smoking (second hand smoke too)
HTN
obesity in midlife
high cholesterol
diabetes mellitus
dental health
lack of mental stimulation
depression |
|
|
Term
| What lipoprotein is often abnormal in alz. dz (though also found in normals)? |
|
Definition
| APOE-e4 (cholesterol transport); can cause an aggressive, fast track alz. Dz at a young age |
|
|
Term
| What lipoprotein is protective against alz dz? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the underlying pathology of alz dz? |
|
Definition
neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques
amyloid angiopathy
neurochemical abnormalities
lack of Ab to BA oligomers
elevated levels of clusterin |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary pathology of alz dz? |
|
Definition
| loss of Ach synapses in high brain centers |
|
|
Term
| Are the underlying pathologies for alz. Dz the cause of the dz? |
|
Definition
| Not necessarily. They are simply what is seen presenting with the dz itself. The cause remains not well understood. |
|
|
Term
| What is a neurofibrillary tangle? |
|
Definition
| Protein Tau abnormality, protein tau is what guides the microtubules along the course. Analogous to the spikes on a railroad track. This leads to tubule tangles in the neuron. |
|
|
Term
| Are Tau proteins extra or intracellular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when amyloid proteins are broken down? |
|
Definition
| They aggregate and form extracellular plaques between neurons --> inflammatory response --> increased COX-2 |
|
|
Term
| Is there a loss of ACH or just ACH receptors in alz. Dz? |
|
Definition
| BOTH are seen in decreased levels |
|
|
Term
| What is an ocular SE occurs in Alz. Dz? |
|
Definition
| increased amyloid deposition in the lens --. Cataracts in alz. Pts and those at risk to develop alz. Dz. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is it suspected that alz. Could be a lack of immunity? |
|
Definition
| Possibility, but unproven currently |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An enzyme that is elevated in Alz. Pts. Could be a dx test. |
|
|
Term
| What does clusterin cause? |
|
Definition
| hippocampus and amygdala atrophy |
|
|
Term
| What are milder clinical findings in alz dz? |
|
Definition
impaired judgment
loss of interest in hobbies
mood disturbance (depression most common)
irritability
Loss of insight
forgets names of common items
trouble with numbers and their meaning
primitive reflexes commonly found |
|
|
Term
| What are moderate clinical findings in alz dz? |
|
Definition
can't recognize friends or family
disorientation to time and place
confusion
anxiety
insomnia
social graces lost |
|
|
Term
| What are severe clinical findings in alz dz? |
|
Definition
can't remember or process new information
don't understand words
speech disorders
apraxia
bedridden |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to coordinate movement (severe clinical finding for alz dz) |
|
|
Term
| What chromosome # is associated with aggressive, early onset alzheimers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do APOE proteins increase or decrease with age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insomnia is generally seen in what pt's with Alz. dz? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of time, place, and person, which is generally lost first in Alz dz? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are general SE of anti-cholinergic drugs? |
|
Definition
Blind as a bat (blurred vision)
Dry as a bone (dry mouth)
Red as a beet (flushing)
Mad as a hatter (confusion)
Hot as a hare (hyperthermia)
Can’t see (vision changes)
Can’t pee (urinary retention)
Can’t (do something that rhymes with “spit”, constipation)
|
|
|
