Term
| Retinopathy of prematurity effects _____ retina first because there is a delay in the development of those blood vessels. |
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Definition
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Term
| The retinal vasculature is the ____ retinal structures to develop and does not stop developing until about ____ months after full gestation. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ and _____ ______ _____ continue to develop for years after the baby is born. |
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Definition
| Inner and outer capillary beds |
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Term
| The ____ /____ bed is the last retinal structure to develop. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two retinal capillary beds? |
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Definition
1. Superficial capillary bed 2. Deep capillary bed |
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Term
| Where is the superficial capillary bed located? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the deep capillary bed located? |
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Definition
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Term
| The ___ is referred to as a vascular sponge because it is highly vascularized. |
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Definition
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Term
| What supplies the outer 1/3 of the retina? |
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Definition
| choroidal-capillaris system |
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Term
| What supplies the inner 2/3 of the retina? |
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Definition
| central retinal artery system |
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Term
| Thicker blood vessels are _____ and the thinner blood vessels are ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the ocular associations of persistent hyaloid artery? Is Bergmeister's papilla usually unilateral or bilateral |
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Definition
- optic nerve hypoplasia
- posterior vitreous cyst
- optic disc coloboma
Bergmesiter's papilla is usually unilateral. |
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Term
| What is the main function of the choroidal capillaris system? |
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Definition
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Term
| The choroid-choroidalcapillaris system allows for the free exchange of fluids such as blood and substances in the blood because the vessels are _____. Leaking from one vessel to another is ___. The problem is when disease causes fluid to leak into other _____ tissues. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which part of the retinal capillary system is associated with artery based disease? What layer of the retina does this mainly include? |
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Definition
| inner capillary/superficial bed mainly inlcudes the ganglion cell layer |
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Term
| How far from the ora serrata do blood vessels stop and a vascular free zone begins? |
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Definition
| 1.5 mm, can be seen with BIO |
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Term
| What part of the retinal capillary system is associated with vein based disease? What retinal layer is this associated with? |
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Definition
| Outer/Deep capillary bed, associated with the inner nuclear layer |
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Term
| As the CRA enters the retina and breaks through the lamina cribrosa, there is a _____ _____ of the artery. This can be problematic in _______ or ______ causing embolization or CRAO. |
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Definition
focal constriction atherosclerosis hypertension
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Term
| When the central retinal artery breaks through the lamina cribrosa, it loses its _____. The _____ _____ goes away and the arteries will be heavy in _____ _____. |
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Definition
elasticity elastic lamina smooth muscle
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Term
| The smooth muscle follows the artery out to ___ where the caliber changes to capillaries. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the autonomic nervous system stop in retinal arteries? |
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Definition
| The CRA has autonomic innervation but this stops after it passes through the lamina cribrosa. After this the arteries respond to autoregulation. |
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Term
| What structure insulates the retinal arteries from the retina so that the arteries do not overheat? |
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Definition
| Glial vascular limiting membrane of Kruckmann |
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Term
| ______ normally crosses over ______. ______ crossing over ______ is a sign of a congenital anomaly. |
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Definition
Arteries veins Veins arteries
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Term
| Do nonpathologic arteriovenus shunts exist in the retina? |
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Definition
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Term
| Arteries typically do not cross over the _____ _____, the dividing line of nerve fiber tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| At crossing points there is a merger of the _____ of the vein and the ______ of the artery. In atherosclerosis, the walls thicken and can compress _____ tissue at the crossing and lead to ______. |
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Definition
adventitia adventitia venous BRVO
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Term
| _______ ______ is expected in occlusive venous disease. |
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Definition
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Term
| How long has ischemic CRVO existed if neovascularization is present? |
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Definition
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Term
| Veins have very little ____ ____ around the optic nerve and because of this veins are _____ and have very _____ attachments to retina. |
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Definition
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Term
Venous tortuosity in all four retinal quadrants in both eyes is probably ______. Venous tortuosity in one quadrant of retina is probably a sign of _____ ____. |
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Definition
congenital a vascular problem
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Term
| Diabetes tends to be associated with _____ disease at the level of the _____ ______ _____. |
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Definition
venous outer capillary bed
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Term
| Clinically significant macular edema is defined as ____ in the macular zone. It is only seen in _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are dot blot hemorrhages usually found? |
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Definition
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Term
| Unlike arteries and veins, ______ do not contain smooth muscle and elastic tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| Capillaries are made of _____ and ______ cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ ____ form the inner BBB of retinal capillaries. |
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Definition
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Term
______ _____ are fenestrated so that fluid can move back and forth between the capillaries. |
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Definition
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Term
| Unlike endothelial cells which have elongated nuclei, _____, the other part of a retinal capillary, have round nuclei |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ can display necrosis over time secondary to ischemic vascular disorders such as HTN and diabetes and can cause ______ formation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Peripheral retinal hemorrhages can be associated with vascular disease such as ____ _____ or breakdown of _______ _____ and _____ of the capillaries near ____ |
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Definition
carotid stenosis endothelial cells pericytes ora
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Term
| If you see a _____ retinal hemorrhage, you must do a vascular workup to help determine if there is a _____ blockage. |
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Definition
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Term
| Space between the RPE and photoreceptors is filled with a ______ ____ but it only provides a very ____ attachment. |
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Definition
mucopolysaccharide glue loose |
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Term
| ______ and _____ can easily pull away from each other causing a sensory retinal detachment. |
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Definition
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Term
____ scans let you identify which layer of retina is being effected by disease. _____ ______=Internal limiting membrane ______=RPE and choroid |
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Definition
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Term
| Breaks in RPE can allow fluid to leak upward from the ____ ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ____ collagenous layer of Bruch's membrane becomes continuous with the choroidal zone to become the framework of the choroidocapillaris. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are teh isolated areas that are fissured or cracked in Bruch's membrane and can allow fluid to creep up causing a sensory retinal detachment? What disease are they consistent with? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you call white spots that are RPE dropout? Two names |
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Definition
window defect Elschnig spots
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Term
| Elschnig spots or window defects are due to microinfarcts of the _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Because ____ pigment is no longer there you see the white spots in a window defect or Elschnig spot. |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you need to tell the patient if you see a window defect? |
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Definition
| nothing, they're benign, just document it |
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Term
| What do you call the pigmented spots found in people with prolonged hypertension around sclerosed blood vessels? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are Seagart's spots usually located? |
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Definition
| near the posterior pole in a radial pattern |
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Term
| The RPE and Bruch's membrane may also form small areas of detachment with age that are caused by a reduction in _____ ____ between the two layers. |
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Definition
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Term
| With age, Bruch's membrane develops ______ ____, ______, and ______, that may allow leakage into the zone under the _____ retina or the development of ________ ________ membranes. |
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Definition
calcific foci vesicles holes sensory choroidal neovascular |
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Term
| Elschnig's spots reflect acute ______ alterations of the _____ vascular system, especially in _____ patients, whose blood vessel system is not yet ____ enough to resist spikes in blood pressure. |
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Definition
hypertensive choroidal younger sclerotic |
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Term
| The histopathological equivalent to Elschnig's spots but in the peripheral retina is called a _____ ____ |
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Definition
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Term
Adult retinal vessels are _____ when exposed to excess oxygen whereas _____ and _____ occur at low oxygen concentrations. |
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Definition
narrowed vasodilation and hemorrhaging
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Term
| In arteries blood flows ____ in the center. In veins the center consists of blood from the ____ ____ and the outside consists of blood from the ______. |
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Definition
faster posterior pole periphery
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Term
| For ____ pulsation to occur intraocular pressure must be raised above ophthalmic artery pressure, as in glaucoma, or ophthalmic artery pressure must be raised above intraocular pressure as in ____ _____ ____. |
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Definition
arterial Internal carotid stenosis |
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Term
| An _____ pulsation at the optic nerve head is often indicative of a disease condition. |
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Definition
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Term
| A _____ ____ of rhythmic lateral arterial movements may be observed in retinal vessels and is not necessarily indicative of _____ disease. |
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Definition
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Term
| The venules of the choriocapillaris drain into the _____ _____ _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ _____ ciliary arteries, recurrent branches of the ______ ciliary arteries, and branches of the _____ _____ ciliary arteries feed into the choriocapillaris system. |
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Definition
Short posterior long posterior anterior ciliary
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Term
| Most of us have ___ vortex vein ampulla but some of us have __. |
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Definition
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Term
Vortex vein ampulla are located near the ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which three places in the retina have an avascular zone? |
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Definition
1. right around the arteries 2. 1.5mm from the ora, 360 degrees around 3. macula/foveal area |
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Term
| Avascular retina only refers to the ____ and ____ ____ ____. The ______ is actually thickest at the macula because the macula requires so much energy. |
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Definition
inner outer capillary bed choriocapillaris |
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Term
| What tissue in the choroid contains the long and short posterior ciliary arteries? |
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Definition
| suprachoroidal lamina, the Basement membrane next to the sclera |
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Term
_____ layer is located inner to _____ layer in the choroid. ____ layer contains larger blood vessels. _____ layer contains medium size blood vessels |
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Definition
Sattler's Haller's Haller's Sattler's
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Term
| What are two likely causes of a spontaneous venous pulse being present and then absent? |
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Definition
elevated intracranial pressure papilledema
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Term
| A patient with a _____ will have a diminished SVP. |
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Definition
| CRVO localized elevated venous pressure |
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Term
| _____ pulsation indicates the patients blood pressure is severely elevated. |
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Definition
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Term
_____ can cause a previously documented SVP to now be undetectable. |
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Definition
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