Term
| What zone of the adrenal cortex has the highest concentration of enzyme to produce mineral corticoids? Most common mineral corticoid? |
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Definition
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Term
| Aldosterone acts on the kidney to cause the release of ____ and ____ in the urine and the retention of ____ and _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| The production of aldosterone is regulated by the _____ ______ system. |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucocorticoids are responsible for normal _____ and _______. |
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Definition
metabolism resistance to stress
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Term
| The inner layer of the adrenal cortex secretes androgens via ________ |
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Definition
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Term
Corticotropin (ACTH) acts mainly on the zona _____ and zona _______ and to a lesser extent on the zona ______ of the adrenal cortex. |
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Definition
fasciculata reticularis glomerulosa |
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Term
| The ________ bind to specific intracellular cytoplasmic receptors. The _______ than translocates into the nucleus where it acts upon _____ to activate or inhibit the transcription of genes for protein synthesis. |
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Definition
adrenocorticosteroids receptor-hormone complex transcription factors |
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Term
| What are the two types of adrenocorticosteroids? |
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Definition
mineral corticoids glucocorticoids |
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Term
| The glucocorticoids have other effects such as mediating vascular dilation and the bronchiolar musculature through ______ or ______, whose effects are _____. |
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Definition
catecholamines lipolysis immediate |
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Term
| Glucocorticoids promote ______ by increasing _____ _____ uptake by the liver and kidneys and by upregulating the enzymes for _______. |
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Definition
gluconeogenesis amino acid gluconeogenesis
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Term
| Glucocorticoids stimulate protein _____ (except for the liver) as well as lipolysis. |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucocorticoids can cause an increase in blood pressure due to vasoconstrictive effects of certain _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucocorticoids cause a decrease in eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes by redistributing them to the _____ ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucocorticoids increase serum levels of ______, ______, ______, ______. |
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Definition
hemoglobin erythrocytes platelets polymorphonuclear lymphocytes |
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Term
| What are two ways glucocorticoids inhibit inflammation? |
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Definition
1) inhibition of phospholipase A, which breaks down arachidonic acid 2) inhibition of decrease in the number of peripheral lymphocytes |
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Term
| Elevation of glucocorticoids exerts negative feedback on _____ production in the _____ _____ but an increase in ______ hormone production. |
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Definition
corticotropin (ACTH) growth |
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Term
| Glucocorticoids have been know to have CNS effects of _____ and _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| High doses of glucocorticoids can lead to excess ____ _____ and _____ production exacerbating gastric ulcers. |
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Definition
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Term
| Chronic glucocorticoid therapy can also lead to ______ and _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Aldosterone acts on the ____ portion of the convoluted tubule. |
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Definition
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Term
| What drug is used to treat hyperaldosteronism? |
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Definition
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Term
| Addison's disease is a disease of the ____ _____ and is diagnosed by lack of response to ______. |
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Definition
adrenal cortex corticotropin administration |
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Term
| Addison's disease is treated by the administration of _____, ____in the am and ____ in the afternoon. |
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Definition
hydrocortisone 2/3 in the am and 1/3 in the afternoon |
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Term
_____, a mineral corticoid with some glucocorticoid activity is administered concomittantly with hydrocortisone to _____ ______ to a normal level |
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Definition
Fludrocortisone increase the mineral corticoid activity |
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Term
| In secondary and tertiary adrenocortical insufficiency, ______ corticoid production is impaired more than _____ production |
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Definition
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Term
| Administration of dexmethasone supresses adrenal _____ release in individuals with a/an _____ dependent Cushing's syndrome but does not suppress _____ release from a/an ______ tumour |
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Definition
cortisol pituitary cortisol adrenal |
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Term
| ______ refers to a group of diseases that are the result of an enzyme defect in the synthesis of one or more adrenal steroid hormones. |
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Definition
| Congenital adrenal hyperplasia |
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Term
| Therapy for congenital adrenal hyperplasia consists of administering sufficient _____ to normalize the patients hormone level |
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Definition
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Term
| The effect of glucocorticoids on the inflammatory response is due to their ability to decrease the amount of ______ released from the _____ and _____ and decrease the amount of ____. |
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Definition
histamine mast cells and basophils kinin |
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Term
| More than ___% of absorbed glucocorticoids are bound to plasma proteins, most to ______ and the balance to ____. |
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Definition
corticosteroid globulin albumin |
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Term
| Glucocorticoids are metabolized by the _____. |
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Definition
| liver mixed function oxidase system |
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Term
| What factors must be considered when administering adrenal steroids, as the dosage must be individualized? |
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Definition
1. glucocorticoid vs. mineral corticoid activity 2. duration of action 3. preparation 4. time of administration |
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Term
| Dosage regimens that excede two weeks may need to be given on alternating days to avoid suppression of the _______ |
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Definition
| hypothalamic-pituitary axis |
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Term
| Abrupt withdrawl of a steroid can cause _____ ______ ______, which can be lethal. |
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Definition
| acute adrenal insufficiency |
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Term
| Long term adrenal corticosteroid treatment can cause _____ _____ _____. |
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Definition
| posterior subcapsular cataracts |
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Term
| Metyrapone, aminoglutethimide, ketoconazole, trilostane, spironolactone, and eplerenone mechanism of action is to |
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Definition
| inhibit corticosteroid synthesis |
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Term
| ______ inhibits corticosteroid synthesis by blocking the final step (11-hydroxylation) in glucocorticoid synthesis. |
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Definition
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Term
| What inhibitor of corticosteroid synthesis has the side effects of increased water and salt retention, hirsutism, GI disturbances, and transient dizziness. |
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Definition
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Term
| What drug is used in breast cancer to inhibit the synthesis of all hormonally active steroids and works by inhibiting the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone? |
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Definition
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Term
| What other corticosteroid is administered concurrently with aminoglutethimide? |
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Definition
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Term
| What inhibitor of adrenocorticoid biosynthesis is used in the treatment of Cushings syndrome and works by inhibiting all gonadal and adrenal steroid biosynthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which drug works by competing with the mineral corticoid receptor resulting in inhibition of sodium reabsorption? |
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Definition
spironolactone, also used to treat hyperaldosteronism |
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Term
| What drug is used to treat hirsutism in women and probably works by interfering with the androgen receptor of the hair follicle? |
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Definition
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