Term
Though the pathogenesis of peptic ulcers is not fully understood, three major factors are involved in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcers. What are they? |
|
Definition
1. Increased hydrochloric acid secretion 2. Inadequate mucosal defense against hydrochloric acid. 3. Helicobacter pylori-G- |
|
|
Term
Treatment modalities of peptic ulcers include. Decreasing the secretion of ____ ____ _____ the acid once it is released. Protecting the _____ ____ from trauma Eradicating the infection from _____ ____
|
|
Definition
hydrochloric acid Neutralizing gastric mucosa helicobacter pylori
|
|
|
Term
What type of drugs are - Propantheline-Probanthine
- Hyoscyamine-Levsin, Anaspaz, NuLev.
- Mepenzolate
- Pirenzepine
|
|
Definition
| antimuscarinic or anticholinergic Gastrointestinal drugs |
|
|
Term
What common drugs carry the following ingredients? Aluminum Hydroxide Calcium carbonate Magnesium hydroxide Sodium bicarbonate
|
|
Definition
1. Maalox, Gaviscon 2. Rolaids, Tums, Mylanta 3. Maalox and Gaviscon |
|
|
Term
| Name four H2 receptor blockers that are used as gastrointestinal drugs. |
|
Definition
1. cimetidine (Tagamet) 2. ranitidine (Zantac) 3. famotidine (Pepcid) 4. nizatidine (Axid.) |
|
|
Term
| Name one prostaglandin analog that is also a gastrointestinal drug. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name four proton pump inhibitors that are used to treat gastrointestinal disorders. |
|
Definition
ROLE 1. Rabeprazole-Aciphex 2. Omeprazole-Prilosec 3. Lansoprazole-Prevacid 4. Esomeprazole-nexium |
|
|
Term
| Name two mucosal protective agents that are also gastointestinal drugs? |
|
Definition
1. sucralfate 2. colloidal bismuth |
|
|
Term
| Name five antimicrobial agents that are gastrointestinal drugs. |
|
Definition
- Amoxicillin
- Clarithromycin
- Metronidazole
- Tetracycline
- Bismuth compounds
|
|
|
Term
Name two anxiolytic agents that are also gastrointestinal drugs. |
|
Definition
chlordizepoxide-librium diazepam-valium
|
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic stimulation increases ______ ______ and ______ ______. |
|
Definition
- gastric motility
- secretory activity
|
|
|
Term
| Inital rationale to treat gastric ulcers was to block the acid secretion with an ____ ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anti-muscarinic or anticholinergic drugs are used as adjuncts to treat _____ _____ and ____ ______ ____, and in patients _____ to standard therapies. |
|
Definition
peptic ulcer disease Zollinger-Ellison syndrome refractory |
|
|
Term
| ______, a relative M1 specific receptor antagonist is investigated for its clinical usefulness as an antisecretory agent. It appears that it may suppress basal and stimulated ____ ___ ____, with minimal effect on ____ _____, ____, and _____ |
|
Definition
Pirenzipine gastric acid secretion salivary glands heart eye
|
|
|
Term
| _____ are weak bases that interact with acids to form water adn salts, thus neutralizing the acid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antacids can decrease _____ activity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antacids vary in their chemical composition, acid neutralizing capacity, _____ _____, |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Since _____ salts stimulate gastrin release, the use of ____ containing antacids (Tums, _____) may be counterproductive. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Systemic absorption of sodium bicarbonate can produce a transient metabolic ______, it is not recommended for long term use. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Aluminum and magnesium antacids can promote healing of _____ ulcers, but evidence for the treatment of acute ______ ulcers is less convincing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ hydroxide may produce constipation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ hydroxide may produce diarrhea. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sodium bicarbonate, in addition to systemic _____, it liberates ____causing belching and flatulence. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Absorption of the cations Mg+, Ca++, and Al++ from antacids is usually not a problem in patients with normal ____ function, however the _____ content can be an important consideration for patients with hypertension and ______ _____ ______. |
|
Definition
renal sodium congestive heart failure
|
|
|
Term
| Antacids can bind with _____ and inhibit absorption and can increase the absorption of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cimetidine, famotidine, ranitidine, and nizatidine ______ block H2 receptors in the stomach, ____ _____, and other sites. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| H2 receptor blockers completely inhibit gastric acid secretion induced by _____ and ______. H2 receptor blockers only partially inhibit gastric acid secretion by ______. |
|
Definition
histamine and gastrin acetylcholine |
|
|
Term
H2 receptor blockers are more effective when used with _____. |
|
Definition
| an antimicrobial for H-pylori |
|
|
Term
| What is the rare condition in which gastrin producing tumours causes hypersecretion of gastric acid? |
|
Definition
| Zollinger Ellison syndrome |
|
|
Term
| How long to H2 receptor blockers take to relieve GERD symptoms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Approximately ___ of cimetidine is metabolized by the _____ ______ _____ ____system, while 70% is excreted unchanged in the _____. |
|
Definition
30% liver mixed function oxidase urine
|
|
|
Term
| Ranitidine has a _____ duration of action than cimetidine. It is 5x to 10x more ____. Ranitidine does not produce the _____ _______ effect or ______ stimulating effects of cimetidine. |
|
Definition
longer potent antiandrogenic effect prolactin
|
|
|
Term
| Famotidine is ____x to ____x more potent than cimetidine and ____x to ___x more potent than ranitidine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is not metabolized by the mixed function oxidase system like cimetidine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is not metabolized by the liver as cimetidne, ranitidine, and famotidine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Misoprostol-Cytotec is an analog of prostaglandin ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is only clinically useful at higher doses that decrease _______ secretion and not for primarily the ______ effect of ____ production. |
|
Definition
Misoprostol gastric acid cytoprotective mucus
|
|
|
Term
| Misoprostol produces ____ ____ as a side effect like other prostaglandins. It also produces ____ related diarrhea and nausea. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proton pump inhibitors inhibit the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme system or proton pump of the _____ cells. They suppress the transfer of ___ into the ____ _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Onset of gastric acid secretion inhibition begins after 1-2 hours for _____ and slightly earlier for _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of the proton pump inhibitors only ____ is approved for refractory GERD disease and maintenance therapy for erosive esophagitis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In clinical studies, it has been found tha tthe PPI are more effective in the ____ ____ treatment of GI diseases than the H2 antagonist. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most absorption of PPis occurs in the _____, and transported to the _____ ___ canaliculus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the ______ __ __ ______ ____, PPIs are converted to the active form |
|
Definition
| canaliculus of the parietal cells |
|
|
Term
| Long term treatment of PPIs may incrase the incidence of gastric carcinoma, possibly due to teh prolonged ________ and ________. |
|
Definition
| hypochlorhydria and hypergastrinemia |
|
|
Term
| ______ inhibits the metabolism of warfarin, pheytoin, diazepam, and cyclosporine, whereas ______, does not. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is a complex aluminum hydroxide and _____ ______, which binds to the _______ charged groups in the proteins, glycoproteins etc. of both normal and necrotic mucosa, forming a ___ with mucus. |
|
Definition
Sucralfate sulfated sucrose positively gel |
|
|
Term
| This complex gel creates a barrier that inhibits the diffusion of ___ and prevents the degradation of mucus by ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sucralfate promtes healing of _____ ulcers by these mechanisms and is indicated for ____ ____ ____ to prevent _____. |
|
Definition
duodenal long term therapy recurrence |
|
|
Term
| Sucralfate requires a/an ____ environment for activation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sucralfate should not be administered with _____ or ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sucralfate is not absorbed ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
