Term
| Histamine is found in high concentrations in the ____ ____ and ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Histamine is ubiquitous but not ____ distributed in the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Histamine is found mostly in the ____, _____, and ____ ____, where inside of the body meets the outside. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Histamine is synthesized from ______ by _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does histidine synthesis by decarboxylation take place? |
|
Definition
| where it is stored, i.e. mast cells, basophils, skin, lungs, and GI mucosa |
|
|
Term
| Histamine is stored in ____ in mast cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The histamine is stored in granules of the mast cells in the inactive complex made up of _____ _____, ______, _____ ____ |
|
Definition
polysulfated anion heparin anionic protein |
|
|
Term
| Histamine is rapidly inactivated by ____ _____ if it is not stored in the inactive complex. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Histamine is released as a ______ response to some stimuli, but is ______ ___ ______ mediators released. Some of the stimuli causing the release of histamine are ____, ____, _____, ____, _____and _____. |
|
Definition
primary one of several trauma bee stings destruction of cells bacterial toxins allergies anaphylaxis |
|
|
Term
| Activation of the H1 receptor causes _____, _____, ______. |
|
Definition
smooth muscle contraction increased capillary permeability vasodilation |
|
|
Term
| Stimulation of the H1 receptor produces vasodilation by causing the _____ _____ to release nitric oxide, stimulating ____ production. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| H1 receptor activation stimulates the intracellular activity of ____, while H2 receptor stimulation augments the production of ____ by ______ ____. |
|
Definition
phosphatidyl inositol cAMP adenylyl cyclase |
|
|
Term
| H2 receptor activation induces gastric acid secretion by the _____ ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activation of the H1 receptors causes positive ______, while activation of the H2 receptors causes _____. |
|
Definition
positive ionotropism positive ionotropism and positive chronotropism |
|
|
Term
| H1 receptor activation of histamine on the skin causes increased _____ ____, resulting in leakage of ____ and _____ into the tissues. |
|
Definition
capillary permeability proteins fluids |
|
|
Term
| In the skin, activation of the H1 receptor results in the triple response, _____, _____, ____. |
|
Definition
1. wheal formation (a flat mark that looks like it was caused by being waled (whipped) on. 2. redness (vasodilation) 3. flare (halo) |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of allergy and anaphylaxis are the result of the release of the mediators ____, _____, _____, _____ _____ __ ____, ____, and ____. |
|
Definition
histamine serotonin leukotrienes eosinophilic release of chemotactic factor bradykinins cytokines |
|
|
Term
| If the release of histamine is slow enough to allow _____, prior to entering the blood stream, a local reaction follows. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If histamine is released too fast for inactivation to occur a ____ _____ _____ ____occurs. |
|
Definition
| full blown anaphylactic reaction |
|
|
Term
| H-1 receptor blockers _____ block the histamine receptor on the target tissue, inhibiting the response from the target tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| First generation H-1 receptor blockers tend to produce _____, ______, and _____ as side effects. |
|
Definition
sedation decreased tear secretion dry mouth |
|
|
Term
First generation H1 receptor blockers are ___ used, _____$?, and ____. |
|
Definition
widely inexpensive effective |
|
|
Term
| Which generation of antihistamine receptor blockers have fewer side effects because they do not cross the blood brain barrier? |
|
Definition
| Second generation antihistamines |
|
|
Term
| Unlike first generation histamine receptor blockers, 2nd generation receptor blockers are separate and distinct from ____, _____, and _____. |
|
Definition
serotonin cholinergic and andrenergic receptors |
|
|
Term
| Some H1 blockers also manifest local anesthetic properties such as _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| H1 receptor blockers are less effective in treating ____ because histamine is one of many mediators involved. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| H1 receptor blockers are effective in treating allergies caused by ______ acting on ____ _____ ___ ___ |
|
Definition
antibodies IgE antibody sensitized mast cells |
|
|
Term
| Which antihistamines are effective in treating motion sickness? |
|
Definition
| The H1 receptors diphenhydramine, dimenhydrinate, cyclizine, and meclizine and the antimuscarinic agent scopolamine. |
|
|
Term
| The anti histamines inhibit nausea and vomitting mediated by the ____ ___ ____ and the _____ pathways. |
|
Definition
chemoreceptor trigger zone vestibular |
|
|
Term
| The ____ ___ appear to be independent of antihistaminic effects. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name two H1 receptor blockers with strong sedative effects? |
|
Definition
1. diphenhydramine 2. chlorpheniramine maleate |
|
|
Term
| Maximum serum levels of H1 receptor blockers occur in ____ hours while most have a half life of ___ hours, except ____ which has a half life of 12-24 hours. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| H1 receptor blockers are primarily metabolized in the ____ and excreted in the ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most frequent side effect of the H-1 receptor blockers? What is next? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| H1 receptor blockers appear rarely to increase ____ and ____ ___ in some patients. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ and ______ interfere with the metabolism of the second generation H1 receptor blockers such as _____ and _____. |
|
Definition
Erythromycin-a type of macrolide that binds the 50s ribosomal subunit Macrolides ternfenadine astemizole
|
|
|
Term
| ______ has been found not to produce interaction with erythromycin and macrolide metabolism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ____ ____ for the H1 receptor blockers is high and _____ toxicity is rare, but _____ poisoning in ____ ____ is relatively common. |
|
Definition
TI chronic acute young children |
|
|
Term
| The most common and dangerous effects of acute poisoning by H1 receptor blockers is related to the ____, and includes ____, _____, ____, ____. |
|
Definition
CNS hallucinations excitement ataxia convulsions |
|
|
Term
| If H1 receptor toxicity is left untreated, ____ ____ and _____ collapse may occur. |
|
Definition
deepening coma cardiorespiratory |
|
|
Term
| _____ is the metabolite of terfenadine but lacks the cardiotoxicity of terfenadine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What age group is fenoxofenadine indicated in for allergic rhinitis? |
|
Definition
| adults and children over 12 years of age |
|
|
