Term
| What anxiolytic drugs are also gastrointestinal drugs? |
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Definition
Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) Diazepam (Valium) |
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Term
| Name two classes of ulcer promoting drugs. |
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Definition
| NSAIDs and Corticosteroids |
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Term
| ____-_____% of chemotherapy patients experience nausea and vomitting. |
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Definition
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Term
Two sites in the brainstem are involved in the vomitting reflex pathway 1. ____ ____ ____ in the area postrema located at the caudal end of the _____ ventricle, outside the _____ 2. _____ _____ located in the _____ _____ _____, coordinates the motor mechanism for vomitting. |
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Definition
1. Chemical trigger zone 2. fourth 3. BBB 4. Vomitting Center 5. Lateral reticular formation |
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Term
| Serotonin like receptors ______ and _____ play an essential role in activating the vomitting reflex. |
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Definition
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Term
| Chemotherapeutic drugs can act peripherally by damaging the cells in the ___ ____ and causing the release of serotonin from the ________ cells of the small intestine mucosa stimulating the _____ receptors on the _____ and ____ afferent fibers, which carry the impulse to the ______ resulting in emesis. |
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Definition
GI tract enterochromaffin cells 5HT3 vagal splanchnic medulla
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Term
| Anti-cholinergic agents, specifically _____ and _____ _____ _____ are effective for motion sickness, but ineffective for substances that act directly in the _____ _____ ____. |
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Definition
scopolamine H-1 receptor antagonist chemoreceptor trigger zone |
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Term
| What anti emetics are effective against low to moderate emetogenic agents, viz. fluorouracil, and doxirubicin? |
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Definition
Phenothiazines (prochlorperazine and phenothiazine) |
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Term
| What are the side effects of phenothiazines? |
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Definition
- hypotension
- restlessness
- extrapyrimidal symptoms
- sedation
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Term
| Metoclopramide at high doses is highly effective against the highly emetogenic drug _____. |
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Definition
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Term
Butyrophenones are _____ effective anti-emetics. _______ in high doses was found to be almost as effective as high doses of metoclopramide in inhibiting the emetic effects of cisplatin |
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Definition
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Term
| Side effects to metoclopramide are most common in _____ patients. |
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Definition
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Term
| What class of drugs are domperidone and dopamine receptor blockers? |
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Definition
| butyrophenones (along with haloperidol and droperidol) |
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Term
| The benzodiazepines ______ and ______ have low antiemetic potency. Their beneficial properties may be from their ability to provide _____, ______, and ______. |
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Definition
Lorazepam Alprazolam sedation decrease anxiety amnesia |
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Term
| _______ are useful in treating anticipatory vomitting. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ and ________ are effective against mildly to moderately emetogenic chemotherapy. It is thought that their effect may be due in part to a _____ blockade. |
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Definition
Dexmethasone methylpredisone prostaglandin |
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Term
| Dexmethasone and methylprednisone produce _____ and ______ in diabetes mellitus patients. |
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Definition
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Term
The derivatives of marijuana ______ and ______ are effective against ______ emetogenic agents in chemotherapy. |
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Definition
Dronabinol Nabilone moderately |
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Term
| ______ and _____ are rarely indicated as first line anti-emetics because of their serious side effects and potential for abuse. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a common side effect of 5-HT3 serotonin blockers? |
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Definition
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Term
Anti-emetic drugs are often combined to 1. _______ 2. _______ |
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Definition
increase antiemetic activity decrease toxicity
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Term
| The ______ _______, is often combined with a high dose of metoclopramide, or a 5-HT3 antagonist, phenothiazine, butyrophenone, benzodiazepine, a cannabinoid to increase anti-emetic activity. |
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Definition
| corticosteroir dexmethasone |
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Term
The major factors in diarrhea are 1. incrased ______ _____ 2. decreased _____ ______ |
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Definition
1. increased gastrointestinal motility 2. decreased fluid absorption |
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Term
| The anti-diarrheal agents include |
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Definition
antimotility agents adsorbents drugs that modify fluids and electrolyte transport
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Term
| What is a side effect of meperidine? |
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Definition
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Term
| Meperidine binds to _____ K-receptors. It works by ________. |
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Definition
opiods impeding GI tract motility
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Term
_______ and _______ are analogs of meperidine. They activate the _________ opioid receptors in the ___ system, inhibiting the release of _______, and _____ peristalis. |
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Definition
Loperamide diphenoxylate pre-synaptic GI acetylcholine decreasing
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Term
Five widely used adsorbent agents |
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Definition
kaolin pectin methylcellulose activated attapulgite Magnesium aluminum silicate
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Term
It is thought that these agents act by adsorbing _____ or ______, or by _____ and _____ the intestinal mucosa |
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Definition
toxins microorganisms coating protecting
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Term
| Adsorbing agents are ____ effective than anti-motility agents and can interfere with ______ of drugs. |
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Definition
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Term
| NSAIDs belong to the category of antidiarrheals that work by _____ fluid and ______ transport. Specifically they stop diarrhea by inhibiting ______ synthesis. |
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Definition
modifying electrolyte prostaglandin
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Term
| What is Pepto Bismol? It is used in the treatment of _____ _____. It ______ the secretion of fluid in the gut. This may be due to the ______ component. |
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Definition
Pepto Bismol is Bismuth Subsalicylate. traveller's diarrhea decreases salicylate
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Term
| What are the three classes of laxatives? |
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Definition
1. stimulants of the gut or irritants 2. bulking agents 3. Stool softeners |
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Term
______ _____ is metabolized in the small intestine to _______ _____, which is irritating to the gut and increases ______. |
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Definition
Castor oil ricinoleic acid peristalsis
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Term
_____, _____, and _____ contain emodin which is a colon stimulant. |
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Definition
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Term
| The onset of activity for cascara, senna, and aloe is delayed for about 6 to 8 hours, because _____ is secreted into the _____ after these agents are absorbed. |
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Definition
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Term
______ and ______ are potent stimulants of the colon. |
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Definition
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Term
_______ laxatives carry the potential for atonic colon with prolonged use. |
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Definition
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Term
Bulking agents include _____ _____ (indigestible parts of fruits and vegetables, ruffage). They form ___ in the _____ _____ causing water ____ and _____ of the colon, _____ peristalis. |
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Definition
hydrophilic colloids gels large intestine retention distension increasing
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Term
| What type of laxative are agar, methyl cellulose, bran, and psylium seeds? |
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Definition
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Term
| Magnesium sulfate and magnesium hydroxide are _____ ______, non absorbable salts that promote water retention by osmosis, distend the bowel, promoting peristalis, and produce defecation in about one _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ electrolyte solutions containing ______ glycol are used as colonic ____ to prepare the colon for ______ and ______ procedures. |
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Definition
Isoosmotic polyethylene lavage endoscopic radioscopic
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Term
| _____, a semisynthetic disacharride (fructose & galactose) also acts as an _____ laxative. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name three stool stofteners. |
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Definition
1. Docussate sodium 2. Mineral oil 3. Glycerin suppositories |
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Term
| What drug is an antacid plus a proton pump inhibitor? |
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Definition
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