Term
| Is cancer a single disease? |
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Definition
No, it is a group of 200 different and distinctive diseases |
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Term
| Are most cancers a one point phenomenon? |
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Definition
| No, multiple events have to occur in order for cancer to come on board |
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Term
| Why are older people more likely to get cancer? |
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Definition
| the changes that take place within a cell to become cancerous take a long time to develop |
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Term
| Is most breast cancer due to genetic factors? |
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Definition
| No, although women who carry the BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene are individually more likely to get breast cancer, most breast cancer is not caused by these genes. Indeed many women have breast cancer and do not possess this genetic predisposition. |
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Term
| Is how we should alter our diets to prevent cancer clear? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cancer is linked to the genital wart virus, HPV? |
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Definition
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Term
What cancer is linked to hepatitis B virus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cancer is linked to the Human T cell leukemia virus in adults? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can you be infected with a cancer causing virus and not get cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some of the general signs of cancer? |
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Definition
| unexplained weight loss, fever, fatigue, pain, and skin changes |
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Term
| What are the top two metastatic choroidal tumours? |
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Definition
1. Breast cancer
2. lung cancer |
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Term
| Are most ocular tumours primary to the eye? |
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Definition
| No, only about 5%. Most ocular tumours metastatized from other tissues. |
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Term
| Where does DNA damage occur in the development of neoplasm? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the progressive, purposeless, pathologic, proliferation of cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are cancers that arise from the epithelium called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are cancers that arise from mesenchyme/mesoderm called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a benign tumour of the glandular epithelial tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a malignant tumour of the glandular epithelial tissue? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is a malignant tumour of the epithelial tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a benign tumor of bone tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a malignant tumour of mesenchymal origin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a benign microscopic or macroscopic fingerlike projection growing on a surface? |
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Definition
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Term
| When cancer cells do not look like the tissue you have seen is the grade higher or lower? |
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Definition
| Higher and indicative of a more advanced cancer |
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Term
| What protein can trigger cell suicide? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the downside to anti VEGF therapy? |
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Definition
| It doubles the risk of myocardial infarction by increasing areterial thromboembolytic events. |
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Term
| What type of conditions in a tumor trigger angiogenesis? |
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Definition
| Hypoxia triggers angiogenesis throguh H1F1alpha |
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Term
What ability does the VHL gene possess that enables it to suppress tumours? |
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Definition
VHL degrades H1F1alpha and thus prevents angiogenesis |
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Term
| How many copies of a tumor supressor gene must be lost in order for a tumor to develop? |
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Definition
| 2, unlike oncogenes which only require one copy be lost |
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Term
Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization is regulated by the blaance between which two pro-apoptotic molecules? Which anti-apoptotic molecules? |
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Definition
BAX and BAK are pro-apoptotic molecules
BCL2 and BCL-XL are anti-apoptotic molecules |
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Term
| How are 85% of follicular B-cell lymphomas caused? |
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Definition
| The anti-apoptotic gene BCL2 is activated by the t(8;14) translocation |
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Term
| What angiogenesis inhibitor does p53 induce the synthesis of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four steps to invading tissues taken by malignant cells? |
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Definition
1. loosening of the cell-cell contacts
lost through the inactivation of e-cadherin through a variety of pathways
2. degradation of the ECM
mediated by a variety of proteolytic enzymes such as MMPs and cathepsins secreted by tumor and stromal cells
3 Attachment to novel ECM components
4. Migration of the tumor cells |
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Term
| What mechanism predominantly mediates anti-tumor activity? |
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Definition
| cell mediated mechanism (remember the T cells of cell mediated vs. the B cells of humoral immunity) |
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Term
| Tumor antigens are present on the cell surface by _______ molecules and are recognized by ________ and ______. |
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Definition
| Tumor antigens are presented on the cell surface by MHC class I molecules and are recognized by CD8 and CTLs |
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Term
| How do tumor cells avoid the immune system in immunocompetent patients? |
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Definition
1) Selective outgrowth of antigen-negative variants
2) loss or reduced expression of histocompatibility antigens
3) immunosuppression by secretion of factor TGF-Beta from the tumor |
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Term
| What is the profound loss of body fat and lean body mass, accompanied by profound weakness, anorexia, and anemia? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the release of cytokines from the tumor or host |
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Term
| What syndrome is defined by systemic symptoms that cannot be explained by tumor spread or by hormones appropriate to the tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes paraneoplastic syndrome? |
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Definition
Ectopic production and secretion of bioactive substances, such as ACTH, PTHrP, or TGF-alpha |
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Term
| Which type of tumor grading is based on how much the tumor cells have differentiated (meaning a less differentiated tumor is more aggressive)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of grading of a tumor is based on size, local and regional lymph node spread, and distant metastases, and is determined by surgical exploration or imaging? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which has greater clinical value, staging or grading? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the stepwise accumulation of mutations and incrasing malignancy? |
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Definition
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Term
How many classes of genes have incurred mutations in a cell for a tumor to arise from a clonal growth of this cell? |
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Definition
Tumors arise from clonal growth of cells that have incurred mutations in four classes of genes.
1) Genes that regulate cell growth
Proto-oncogenes Tumor Supressor genes
2) Genes that regulate apoptosis
Genes that regulate DNA repair |
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Term
| What are mutated or overly expressed cellular genes that are normally involved in cell growth and differentiation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the loss of structural and function differentiation of normal cells? |
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Definition
| dedifferentiation, oanaplasia "to form backward." |
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Term
Are cancers that result from stem cells due to dedifferentiation? |
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Definition
| No they are due to failure of differentiation |
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Term
| What are the three pathways by which malignant neoplasms spread? |
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Definition
1) seeding within body cavities
2) ymphatic spread
3) hematogenous spread |
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Term
| What type of malignant neoplasms spread by seeding with body cavities? |
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Definition
| Cancers of the ovary, which often cover the peritoneal surfaces widely |
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Term
| What type of malignant neoplasms are associated with lymphatic spread? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What type of malignant neopplasms are associated with hematogenous spreading? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the first lymph node in a regional lymphatic basin that receives lymph flow from a primary tumor? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is biopsy and injection of blue dyes or radiolabelled tracers of the sentinal lymph node used for? |
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Definition
| to deermine the extent of spread of a tumor and to plan treatment |
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