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operationstest2
operationstest2
115
Business
Undergraduate 4
03/29/2013

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Term
manufacturability
Definition
the capability of an organization to produce an item t an acceptable profit.
Term
serviceability
Definition
the capability of an organization to provide at an acceptable cost or profit.\\
Term
economic
Definition
low demand, excessive warranty claims, the need to reduce costs
Term
social and demographic
Definition
againg baby boomers
Term
political, liability or legal
Definition
government changes, safety issues, new regulations
Term
competitive
Definition
new or changed products or services, new advertising/promotions
Term
cost or availability
Definition
raw materials, components, labor, water, energy
Term
technological
Definition
product components, processes
Term
reverse engineering
Definition
dismantling and inspecting a competitor's product to discover product improvements.
Term
research and development
Definition
organized efforts to increase scietntific knowledge or product innovation.
Term
basic research
Definition
the objective of advancing the state of knowledge about a subject without any near term expectation of commercial applicatns.
Term
applied research
Definition
has the objective of achieving comemrcial applicants.
Term
development
Definition
converts the results of applied research into useful commercial applications.
Term
product liability
Definition
the resonsibility of a manufacturer for any injuries or damages caused by a faulty product
Term
uniform commercial code
Definition
product carry an implication of merchantability and fitness.
Term
cradle to grave assessment
Definition
known as life cycle analysis is the assessment of the environmental impact of a product or service trhoughout its useful life, focusing on such factors as global warming, smogformation, oxygen depletion and solid waste generation.
Term
value analysis
Definition
refers to an examiniation of the function of parts and materials in an effort to reduce the cost and tor improve the performance of a product. Typical questions would be asked as part of the analysis include: could a cheaper part or material be used? is the function necessary?
Term
remanufacturing
Definition
refurbishing used products by replacing worn out or defective components.
Term
design for disassembly
Definition
design so that used products can be easily taken apart.
Term
recycling
Definition
recovering materials for future use.
Term
design for recycling
Definition
referring to product design that takes into account the ability to disassemble a used product to recover the recyclable parts.
Term
standardization
Definition
refers to the extent to which there is absence of variety in a product service or process. Made in large quantities of identical items; calcultors, computers, and 2 percent milk are examples.
Term
mass customization
Definition
strategy of producing basically standadized goods, but incorporating some degree of customization.
Term
delayed differentiation
Definition
the process of producing, but not quite completing, a product or service, postponing completion until customer preferences or specifications are known.
Term
modular design
Definition
a form of standardization. Modules represent groupings of components parts into subassemblies, usually to the point where the individual parts lose their separate identity.
Term
reliability
Definition
a measure of the ability of a product, a part, a serive or an entire system to perform its intended function under prescribed set of conditions.
Term
normal operating conditions
Definition
the set of conditions under which an item's reliability is specified.
Term
robust design
Definition
design that results in products or services that can function over a broad range of conditions.
Term
quality function deployment
Definition
an approach that integrates the "voice of the customer" into both product and service development.
Term
kano model
Definition
theory of product and service design by dr. noriaki Kano who offered a perspective on customer perceptions of quality different from the traditional view that more is better.
Term
feasibility analysis
Definition
entails market analysis (demand), economic analysis (development cost and production cost, profit potential) and technical analysis (capacity requirements and availability, and the skills needed).
Term
product specifications
Definition
this involves have been set, attention turns to specifications ofr the process that will be needed to produce the product.
Term
prototype development
Definition
with product and process specifications complete, one or a few units are made to see if there are any problems with the product or process specifications
Term
design review
Definition
at this stage, any necessary changes are made or the project is abandoned. Marketing, finance, engineering, design, and operations collaborate to determine whether to proceed or abandon.
Term
market test
Definition
a market test is used to determine the extent of consumer acceptance. If unsuccessful the product returns to the design review
Term
product introduction
Definition
the new product is promoted this phase is handled by marketing.
Term
following up evaluation
Definition
based on user feedback, changes may be made or forecasts refined.
Term
computer aided DESIGN
Definition
product design using graphics. The designer can modify an existing design or create a new one on a monitor by means of a light pen, a keyboard
Term
design for manufacturing
Definition
the designing of products that are compatible with an organization's capabilities.
Term
design for assembly
Definition
a good design must take into account not only how a product will be fabricated, but also how it will be assembled.
Term
manufacturability
Definition
sometimes used when referring to the ease with which products can be fabricated and or assembled.
Term
service
Definition
something that is done for the customer.
Term
service delivery system
Definition
the facilities, processes, and skills needed to provide a service.
Term
product bundle
Definition
the combination of goods and services provided to a customer.
Term
service package
Definition
the physical resources needed to perform the service, the accomplishing goods and the explicit and implicit services included.
Term
service blueprint
Definition
a method used in service design to describe and analyze a proposed service.
Term
design capacity
Definition
the maximum designed service capacity or output rate.
Term
effective capacity
Definition
design capacity minus personal and other allowances.
Term
capacity cushion
Definition
extra capaciy used to offset demand uncertainty
Term
bottleneck operation
Definition
an operation in a sequence of operations whose capacity is lower than the capacities of other operation in the sequence. As a consequence the capacity of the bottleneck operation limits the system capacity; the capacity of the system is reduced to the capacity of the bottleneck operation.
Term
economies of scale
Definition
if the ouput rate is less than the optimal level, increasing the output rate results in decreasing average unit costs.
Term
diseconomies of scale
Definition
if theo output is more than the optimal level, increasing the output rate results in increasing average unit costs.
Term
constraint
Definition
something that limits the performance of a process or system in achieving its goals. It is often based on the work of Eli Goldratt.
Term
Seven categories of constraints
Definition
market: insurfficent demand, resource: too little (e.g. workers, equipment and space)
Term
material
Definition
too little of one or moer materials.
Term
constraint
Definition
something that limits the performace of a process or system in achieving in its goals.
Term
breakeven point
Definition
the volume of output at which total cost and total recenue are equal.
Term
indifference point
Definition
the quantity at which a decision maker would be indifferent between two competing alternatives.
Term
cash flow
Definition
the difference between cash received from sales and other sources, and cash outflow for labor, material, overhead and taxes.
Term
present value
Definition
the sum in current value of all future cash flows of an investment proposal.
Term
decision theory
Definition
helpful tool for financial comparision of alternatives under conditions of risk or uncertainty. Suited to capacity decisions and to a wide range of other decisions maagers must make.
Term
waiting line analysis
Definition
analysis of lines is often useful for designing or modifying service systems. Has a tendency to form in a wide
Term
job shop
Definition
operates on a small scale. used when low volume of high variety of goods or services will be needed. High flexibility using general purpose equipment and skilled workers are important characterisitcs of a job shop.
Term
batch processing
Definition
used when a moderate volume of goods or services is desired and it can handle a moderate variety in products or services. Equipment not be as flexible as in a job shop, but processing is still intermittent.
Term
repetitive
Definition
higher volumes of more standardized goods or services are needed, repetitive processing is used.
Term
project
Definition
used for work that is nonroutine with a unique set of objectives to be accomplished in a limtied time frame
Term
product or service profiling
Definition
can be used to avoid any inconsitencies by identifying key product or service dimensions and then selecting appropriate processes.
Term
technological innovation
Definition
the discovery and development of new or improved products, services, or processes for producing or providing them
Term
process technology
Definition
methods, procedures and equipment used to produce goods and services.
Term
automation
Definition
machinery that has sensing and control devices that enable it to operate automatically. If a company decides to automate the next question is how much. It can reange from factories that are completely automated to a single operation.
Term
computer aided manufacturing
Definition
the use of computers in processing control ranginfg from robots to automated quality control
Term
numerically controlled machines
Definition
machines that perform operations by following mathematical processing instructions.
Term
flexible manufacturing system
Definition
a group of machines desgined to handle intermittent processing requirements and produce a variety of similar products.
Term
computer integrated manufacturing
Definition
a system for linking a broad range of manufacturing activities through an integrating computer system.
Term
product layouts
Definition
used to achieve a smooth and rapid flow of large volumes of goods or customers through a system. This made possible by highly standardized goods or services that allow highly standardized repetive processing.
Term
process layouts
Definition
designed to process items or provide services involve a variety of processing requirements.
Term
intermittent processing
Definition
nonrepetitive processing
Term
fixed position layout
Definition
the item being worked on remains stationary, and workers, materials and equipment are moved about as needed.
Term
cellular production
Definition
a type of layout in which workstations are grouped into what is referred to as a cell.
Term
group technology
Definition
effective cellular manufacturing must have groups of identified items with similar processing characteristics. involves identifying items with similarities in either design characteristics or manufacturing characteristics, and grouping them into part families.
Term
service layouts
Definition
can often be categorized as product, process or fixed position layouts.
Term
fixed position service layout
Definition
materials, labor and quipment are bought.
Term
line balancing
Definition
the process assigning tasks to workstations in such a way that the workstations have approximately equal time requirements.
Term
cycle time
Definition
the maximum time allowed at each workstation to complete its set of tasks on a unit.
Term
precedence diagram
Definition
a diagram that shows elemental tasks and their precedence requirements.
Term
balance delay
Definition
percentage of idle time of a line.
Term
forecasts
Definition
basic input in the decision processes of operations because they provide information on future demand. The importance of forecasting to operations management can't be overstated.
Term
meaningful units
Definition
financial planners need to know how many dollars will be needed, production planners need to know how many units will be needed and scheudlers need to know what machines and skills will be required.
Term
MAD
Definition
THE AVERAGE ABSOLUTE FORECAST ERROR.
Term
Mean squared error
Definition
THE AVERAGE OF SQUARED FORECAST ERRORS.
Term
judgmental forecasts
Definition
rely on analysis of subjective inputs obtained from various sources, such as consumer surveys, the sales staff, managers and executives and panels of experts.
Term
time series forecasts
Definition
attempt to project past experience into future. These techniques use historical data iwth the assumption that the future will be like the past.
Term
associative models
Definition
use equations that consist of one or more explanatory variables that can be used to predict demand.
Term
delphi method
Definition
an iterative process intended to achieve a consensus forecast. Thsi method involves circulating a series of questionaires among individuals who possess the knowledge and ability to contribute meaningfully.
Term
time series
Definition
a time ordered sequence of observations taken at regular intervals (hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, annually).
Term
trend
Definition
refers to a long term upward or downward movement in the data. Population shifts changing incomes, and cultural changes often account for such movements.
Term
seasonality
Definition
short term, fairly regular variations generally related to factors as the calendar or time of day. Restaurants, supermakrkets, and theaters experience weekly and even "seasonal" variations.
Term
cycles
Definition
wavelike variations of more than one year's duration. These are often related to a variety of economic, political and even agricultural conditions.
Term
irregular variation
Definition
caused byunusual circumstances, not reflective of typical behavior.
Term
random variations
Definition
residual variations after all other behaviors are accounted for.
Term
naive forecast
Definition
a forecast for any period that equals the previous period's actual value.
Term
moving average
Definition
technique that averages a number of recent actual values, updated as new values become available.
Term
exponential smoothing
Definition
sophisticated weighted averaging method that is based on previous forecast plus a percentage of the forecast error.
Term
next forecast
Definition
previous forecast + total (Actual-previous forecast)
Term
trend adjusted exponential smoothing
Definition
double smoothing. variation of exponential smoothing used when a time series exhibits a linear trend.
Term
seasonal variations
Definition
in time series data are regularly repeating upward or downward movements in series values that can be tied to recurring events.
Term
seasonal relative
Definition
percentage of average or trend.
Term
centered moving average
Definition
a moving average positioned at the center of the data that were used to compute it.
Term
predictor variables
Definition
variables that can be used to predict values of the variable of interest
Term
regression
Definition
technique for fitting a line to set of points
Term
least squares line
Definition
minimizes the sum of the squred vertical deviations aroudn the line yc=a+bx
Term
standard error of estimate
Definition
a measure of the scatter of points around a regression line
Term
correlation
Definition
a measure of the strength and direction of relationship between two variables. A correlation of +1 means that changes in one variable are always atched by changes in the other -1 means that increases in one variable are matched by decreases in the other.
Term
control chart
Definition
a visual tool for minotoring forecast errors.
Term
tracking signal
Definition
the ratio of cumulative forecast error to the corresponding value of MAD, used monitor forecast.
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